Girl using smart phone and lying down in bed

As children get older, they begin to individuate, or develop their own unique sense of identity. As part of this normal developmental process, they begin to want more space and privacy from their parents and caregivers.

Most parents remember going through this stage themselves. But you might still feel a little uneasy, even frightened, about your teen’s increased need for privacy, especially when it comes to the internet. You love your child and want to keep them safe, and your awareness of internet predators, cyberbullying, and other online dangers can make you wonder how it’s possible to both give them privacy and ensure their safety.

There are several ways to allow your teen a measure of privacy online but still keep them safe. We offer some guidance below.

Threats from the Internet

If you spend any amount of time online, you’ve probably encountered plenty of articles or social media posts about the various internet dangers that can pop up. Plenty of these threats are real, but remember to keep a realistic frame of mind. For example, some people have experienced brainwashing or fallen in with cults and religious groups online, but this isn’t a common situation. It’s far more likely your child could face harassment, be pressured for sexts, or get asked for passwords.

It’s a good idea to take steps to safeguard your child against all threats while remaining mindful of the likeliest dangers, including:

Other threats can become more relevant at certain times. For example, hate speech and racist ideology may increase in a divided political climate. Teenagers in the process of value formation and identity development may have higher susceptibility to harmful messages, sometimes without fully understanding the racism or hate behind them.

Some youth have increased vulnerability to certain threats. Children who spend a lot of time alone or don’t have many offline friends in their peer group may go online more than children with active offline social lives.

Online friends aren’t necessarily a bad thing. Some youth may not make friends easily or choose to avoid peers in their neighborhood or school for other reasons. However, these youth may be more vulnerable to catfishing or predators, so it’s important to familiarize them with online safety tips and potential red flags.

If your child plays video games online, their device may have a higher risk for compromised security. It’s important to familiarize yourself with the software or console they’re using and make sure recommended safety settings are in place.

How to Keep Your Kids Safe

Awareness is the first, and arguably the most important, step to becoming safer online. You can’t protect yourself from something if you don’t know what you’re up against. So start with some frank communication about the potential dangers of the internet.

Your teen may roll their eyes and say, “I know.” And chances are, they do know. Research has found evidence to suggest many teenagers are very aware of potential online threats and take steps to protect themselves.

If your teen responds in this way, play to their knowledge. Say something like, “I bet you do know! You spend more time online than I do. I’m still learning, and I want to keep all of us, and our devices, safe. What should I know about? How do you keep yourself safe online?”

Or turn it into a game. See who can come up with the longest list of threats and a precaution against each. It doesn’t matter how you increase your—and their—knowledge. What matters is that you’re both aware of what you’re facing and how to safeguard against it.

Make sure they know you’re aware cyberbullying happens and that, if they come to you after being victimized, you’ll do whatever you can to help them. Teens are more likely to open up if they trust you, so remind them they have your unconditional support.

Your teen may resist rules around technology use, especially for their smartphones, but some limits are important. These limits may vary based on your personal feelings about technology and your household setup. Here are some rules you might consider:

Your rules will likely also vary depending on the age of your teen. A 17-year-old using Instagram may be less concerning than a 12-year-old using the same app, so you may set more restrictive limits for the younger child.

Older teens tend to have more awareness of possible hazards of the internet and may be practiced at keeping information private and following safety precautions online. You may also feel more readily able to trust teens who demonstrate responsibility in other areas of their life.

Why Cyber-Snooping Often Backfires

Worries about the dangers of the internet may lead some parents to heavily monitor their teen’s online use. For example, a parent who fears their teen is sexting might believe it’s safest to secretly look through their phones or go through their online history. Some parents might read through their teen’s text exchanges without their knowledge or permission.

Children, especially teenagers, need space. When adults deny them developmentally appropriate privacy, teens may react by shutting their caregivers out completely. These behaviors, though often carried out with good intentions, can have negative consequences for the relationship a parent has with their teen. Children, especially teenagers, need space. When adults deny them developmentally appropriate privacy, teens may react by shutting their caregivers out completely. They may also find other ways to get their privacy.

Think of it this way: Many parents feel as if their teenagers know more about digital technology than they do. If you’re among this group, do you doubt your internet-savvy teen’s ability to get around your restrictions? Instead of getting in their digital space, create a home environment of trust and support by making your child aware of possible dangers, then trusting them to come to you when they need help.

Rebuilding Trust

You might struggle to allow your teen privacy online if they’ve previously enjoyed this privacy but did something to violate your trust. It’s not helpful to completely deny them privacy, but if they’ve behaved in unsafe ways online, you may need to temporarily increase your restrictions as a consequence.

You might, for example, allow them to only use their phone when you’re also present. You might also insist they do homework on a family computer instead of a laptop in their bedroom. But it’s also essential they have the opportunity to earn back trust, especially when they show remorse and a willingness to learn from their mistake. A pattern of improved behavior, including increased trustworthiness and responsibility around the house, at school, and with siblings, can demonstrate a teen is ready to earn back privacy.

If your teen has caught you snooping in their phone or computer, they may respond by withdrawing from you. You’ll need to earn back their trust if you want them to feel comfortable coming to you with concerns in the future.

It can help if you:

Rebuilding trust in a family can take time, and it isn’t always something you can do alone. A family therapist can help you work together to find solutions if you’re struggling with trust and boundaries.

We are becoming ever more dependent on technology, and children aren’t exempt. Letting children and teens roam the anonymous digital world can trigger just as much nervousness and fear as letting them walk out the door alone. Accept that your teens will test their limits, as this is part of growing up. But when you offer trust, treat them with respect, and engage in frequent, open communication, you can make sure they’re stepping across the lines of childhood in healthy ways, not dangerous ones.

References:

  1. Anderson, M. (2019, March 22). How parents feel about – and manage – their teens’ online behavior and screen time. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/03/22/how-parents-feel-about-and-manage-their-teens-online-behavior-and-screen-time
  2. Cañares, M. (2018, September 4). Teenage clicks: Can teens protect their privacy on social media? World Wide Web Foundation. Retrieved from https://webfoundation.org/2018/09/teenage-clicks-can-teens-protect-their-privacy-on-social-media
  3. Moreno M. (2014, September 4). What do teens think about online privacy? On the Pulse. Retrieved from https://pulse.seattlechildrens.org/what-do-teens-think-about-online-privacy
  4. Privacy tips for teens. (n.d.). National Cyber Security Alliance. Retrieved from https://staysafeonline.org/stay-safe-online/managing-your-privacy/privacy-tips-teens
  5. What sort of online dangers are teens exposed to on the web? (2018, October 25). SecureTeen. Retrieved from https://www.secureteen.com/online-parental-controls/what-sort-of-online-dangers-are-teens-exposed-to-on-the-web
  6. Williams, A. (2015, January 22). How to protect your teen’s privacy online. Family Online Safety Institute. Retrieved from https://www.fosi.org/good-digital-parenting/helping-parents-protect-teen-privacy-online-

Bee pollinates lavender flowerNeurotransmitters are chemical messengers that carry electrical signals between neurons in the brain. Dopamine and serotonin are two important neurotransmitters for mental health. They affect your mood, memory, sleep, libido, appetite, and more. Imbalances can contribute to addictions, mood conditions, memory issues, and attention difficulties.

Over the past several decades, the world has seen an increase in medications for serotonin and dopamine imbalances. These prescriptions can treat symptoms of many mental health conditions. Yet they have a long list of potential side effects, from dizziness to insomnia. Also, their effectiveness varies from person to person.

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Some people want to try some non-drug treatments before committing to medication. Others take medication but want to supplement it with other strategies. Below are 10 ways to increase dopamine and serotonin that don’t require a pill:

1. Exercise

Regular exercise for at least 30 minutes each day improves one’s overall mood. Research has revealed that long-term cardiovascular exercise boosts serotonin levels in the brain. Serotonin can lower hostility and symptoms of depression. It also encourages agreeableness.

(More: Move for Your Mood: The Power of Exercise to Help Lift Depression)

2. Spend Time in Nature

In previous generations, humans spent most of their time outdoors. These days, many people work indoors, sitting at a desk under artificial lighting. Researchers have found as little as five minutes outdoors in a natural setting can improve mood, increase motivation, and boost self-esteem. The amount of time spent in sunlight correlates with serotonin and dopamine synthesis. Even a brief walk in the park can improve your well-being.

(More: 5 Ways Nature Can Help You Feel Better)

3. Nutrition

Diet can also influence one’s mental health. Coffee increases your serotonin and dopamine levels … for as long as you take it. Once you stop drinking coffee, you will go into withdrawal. Your brain, used to the high levels of neurotransmitters, will act as if there is a deficiency. It can take up to 12 days of caffeine-free diet for the brain to return to its normal state.

Omega-3 fatty acids boost serotonin levels without the withdrawal. They help serotonin trigger nerve cell receptors, making transport easier. Many studies have shown that omega-3s help reduce depressive symptoms. You can find omega-3s in cold-water fish like salmon.

Contrary to internet rumors, eating turkey does not raise your brain’s serotonin levels. Many people think foods rich in tryptophan can boost mood, since the brain uses tryptophan to produce serotonin. However, tryptophan competes with several other amino acids for transportation to the brain. Since it is low on the body’s priority list, it usually loses.

That said, having some tryptophan in your diet is important. If you don’t have enough, your serotonin levels will drop. If you need more tryptophan, you can get it by eating starchy foods like whole wheat bread, potatoes, and corn.

(More: Good Mood Foods to Help Fight Depression, Stress, and More)

4. Meditation

Meditation is the practice of relaxed and focused contemplation. It is often accompanied by breathing exercises. Evidence has shown that meditation increases the release of dopamine. It can relieve stress and create feelings of inner peace.

(More: Stress Reduction: Mindfulness Meditation for Beginners)

5. Gratitude

Scientific research has shown gratitude affects the brain’s reward system. It correlates with the release of dopamine and serotonin. Gratitude has been directly linked to increased happiness.

There have been many studies on a practice called the “three blessings exercise.” Every night for a week, you write down three things you are thankful for. People who complete this exercise tend to report more happiness and less depressive symptoms. Their improved mood can last up to six months.

(More: How a Simple Mason Jar Can Bring More Gratitude to Your Life)

6. Essential Oils

All essential oils come from plants. These oils often have medicinal properties. One study found that bergamot, lavender, and lemon essential oils are particularly therapeutic. Using your sense of smell, they prompt your brain to release serotonin and dopamine.

Note: Always follow the instructions on the bottle’s label. Although essential oils are “natural,” some can be dangerous when misused. Do not let young children play with essential oils.

(More: How Aromatherapy Can Boost Psychological and Physical Health)

7. Goal Achievement

When we achieve one of our goals, our brain releases dopamine. The brain finds this dopamine rush very rewarding. It seeks out more dopamine by working toward another goal.

Larger goals typically come with increased dopamine. However, it’s best to start with small goals to improve your chances of success. Short-term goals can add up to achieve a long-term goal (and a bigger reward). This pattern keeps a steady release of dopamine in your brain.

(More: How Positive Affirmations Can Help You Achieve Your Goals)

8. Happy Memories

Researchers have examined the interaction between mood and memory. They focused on the anterior cingulate cortex, the region of the brain associated with attention. People reliving sad memories produced less serotonin in that region. People dwelling on happy memories produced more serotonin.

(More: Can We Purposefully Make Memories Last Forever?)

9. Novelty

The brain reacts to novel experiences by releasing dopamine. You can naturally increase your dopamine by seeking out new experiences. Any kind of experience will work. You can do something simple like a new hobby or recipe. Or you can try something grand like skydiving. The less familiar you are with the activity, the more likely your brain will reward you with dopamine.

(More: 5 Things on My New Year’s Bucket List for My Kids)

10. Therapy

Research indicates if you change your mood, you can affect serotonin synthesis in your brain. This implies mood and serotonin synthesis have a mutual influence on each other. Psychotherapy often helps people improve their mood. It is possible therapy can help raise one’s serotonin levels as well.

(More: Benefits of Therapy)

While these 10 methods can boost your neurotransmitters, they are not a substitute for medical care. If you have mental health concerns, you should always seek a doctor’s or therapist’s advice. A mental health professional can tell you which approaches are best for your unique situation. There is no shame in taking medication or attending counseling. They are common treatment options among many.

References:

  1. Coffee and hormones: Here’s how coffee really affects your health. (n.d.) Precision Nutrition. Retrieved from https://www.precisionnutrition.com/coffee-and-hormones
  2. Do you need a nature prescription? (2013, June 19). Retrieved from http://www.webmd.com/balance/features/nature-therapy-ecotherapy
  3. Essential oils: Poisonous when misused. (2014). National Capital Poison Center. Retrieved from https://www.poison.org/articles/2014-jun/essential-oils
  4. How Do I Increase Serotonin and Dopamine Levels? (2017, August 14). LIVESTRONG Foundation. Retrieved from http://www.livestrong.com/article/301434-how-do-i-increase-serotonin-dopamine-levels/
  5. Jenkins, T.A., Nguyen, J.C.D., Polglaze, K.E., & Bertrand, P.P. (2016, January 20). Nutrients, 8(1), 56. Retrieved from http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/8/1/56/htm
  6. Lv, X.N., Liu, Z.J., Zhang H.J., & Tzeng C.M. (2014). Aromatherapy and the central nerve system (CNS): Therapeutic mechanism and its associated genes. Current Drug Targets, 8(14), 872-879. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23531112#
  7. Novelty and the brain: Why new things make us feel so good. (2013, May 21). Retrieved from https://lifehacker.com/novelty-and-the-brain-why-new-things-make-us-feel-so-g-508983802
  8. Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Mood Disorders. (2012). Today’s Dietitian, 14(1), 22. Retrieved from http://www.todaysdietitian.com/newarchives/011012p22.shtml
  9. Thankfulness linked to positive changes in brain and body. (2011, November 23). ABC News. Retrieved from http://abcnews.go.com/Health/science-thankfulness/story?id=15008148
  10. This is how your brain becomes addicted to caffeine. (2013, August 9). Retrieved from https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/this-is-how-your-brain-becomes-addicted-to-caffeine-26861037/
  11. Why our brains like short-term goals. (2013, January 3). Retrieved from https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/225356
  12. Young, S.N. (2007). How to increase serotonin in the human brain without drugs. Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, 32(6), 394-399. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2077351/

How to Give Psychological First Aid

Infographic Text: How to Give Psychological First Aid

After a natural disaster or terrorist attack, there are likely going to be many people in distress. If you want to give emergency psychological support to survivors, remember to ASSIST:

Approach the individual.

Stabilize their emotions.

Serve their needs.

Inform them of the facts.

Support their story.

Turn them toward further services.

References:

  1. About PFA. (n.d.). The National Child Traumatic Stress Network. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/2pY5z51
  2. Psychological first aid for first responders [PDF]. (n.d.). SAMHSA. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/2NKy0Bb
  3. Snider, L., van Ommeren, M. & Schafer, A. (n.d.). Psychological first aid: Guide for field workers. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/2ZzKmSP

A young woman sits and watches hot air balloons drifting across the horizon.During an autistic person’s life, there may be times when they seem to lose skills or show more obvious signs of autism. For example, a toddler who had a vocabulary of a dozen words may stop talking altogether. A social teenager may find it harder to make appropriate eye contact or take turns in conversation, despite having learned these skills as a child.

This phenomenon is called autistic burnout (or autistic regression, depending on the source). Autistic burnout can be very distressing for the autistic individual and their family, especially if they don’t know what is happening. However, it is important to note that autistic burnout is not necessarily an omen of permanent regression or skill loss. Recovery is possible.

What Is Autistic Burnout?

Autistic burnout can happen at any age, but it usually occurs at major transition points in life, such as toddlerhood, puberty, or young adulthood. Any period in which a person experiences lots of changes or stress can prompt an episode of burnout.

Very young children with burnout often lose language skills. Some children may forget a chunk of their vocabulary but still retain a few words. Others may stop making sound entirely and resort to physical gestures to communicate. Autistic children may also quit early social behaviors such as responding to their own name or looking at caregivers’ faces.

Older autistic people are able to communicate their experiences with burnout in a way toddlers can’t. Adults have reported symptoms such as:

There are no diagnostic criteria for how many skills need to be lost in order to qualify as autistic burnout. The severity and duration of symptoms can vary widely between individuals. One individual can even have varying levels of burnout at different points in life.

Why Does Autistic Burnout Happen?

Like other types of overwhelm, autistic burnout occurs when life’s challenges exceed a person’s resources. Perhaps a person is undergoing a stressful life transition or they may have been pushing themselves too hard for too long. Regardless, the coping mechanisms they had been using are no longer enough. Certain skills and abilities “shut down” temporarily as the brain recovers. The brain may take a while to remember these skills as the person adapts to their new situation.

Research into autistic burnout is still a relatively new field, so science has not found a definite answer as to why autistic brains react this way. One theory is that autistic people tend to have high levels of neuroplasticity. In other words, autistic brains may find it very easy to create new connections between nerve cells. Neuroplasticity may contribute to some autistic people’s exceptional problem-solving abilities. However, the brain may sometimes redirect its resources away from certain skills as it develops new solutions to problems, taking those abilities temporarily “offline”.

It is important to note that autistic burnout is not a conscious behavior. An autistic individual is not ignoring social norms or neglecting work simply because they are tired. They cannot “willpower” their way back to their old level of functioning. In fact, autistic burnout is often caused by people working too hard to appear “normal”.

Masking

Although public understanding of autism has improved in the last few decades, the autistic community still experiences severe stigma. Much of modern media persists in depicting autistic people as “emotionless”, “self-absorbed”, and other stereotypes. Furthermore, autistic children are at higher risk of being victims of filicide, or murder by their parents. Yet when these crimes come to light, news outlets may depict the murders as “caregivers forced into a desperate situation” and their victims as “burdens” (assuming the victims are discussed at all).

Many autistic people are taught from a young age that they must “mask” their autism in order to be accepted in society.Many autistic people are taught from a young age that they must “mask” their autism in order to be accepted in society. For example, parents may insist that a child must hug their relatives in order to show affection, even if the pressure from hugs is painful to them. If the child resists, they might be accused of being “stubborn” or “selfish.” The parents and relatives may refuse to try alternative greetings such as high-fives. The child then learns their own needs are less important than others’ social preferences.

Masking often takes an exceptional amount of cognitive and emotional energy. Some autistic people consciously monitor their body language and tone of voice as they talk. Others become hypervigilant for signs that they have accidentally upset someone. For some autistic people, even being in a bright, loud, or crowded place can be draining.

Some people become so good at masking that their autism diagnosis is rescinded, and they lose necessary support. Others are not diagnosed at all and do not learn about their autism until they burn out. As people age, their stamina may wane, reducing their ability to mask for long stretches of time and making burnout more likely.

Myth of Sudden Autistic Regression

Autistic burnout is sometimes called autistic regression, especially when referring to infants and toddlers. An estimated 30% of autistic toddlers will experience regression, likely because their brains are developing so rapidly and are thus under a lot of strain. Some people have mistakenly blamed vaccines for causing regression in toddlers. However, regression often begins in the first year of life, before the child is given vaccines.

Multiple studies show children often exhibit signs of autistic burnout long before the parents first notice them. For example, an infant might show signs of social regression, such as a lack of eye contact. The parents might not notice these signs because they are intermittent or subtle. Often the parents don’t realize there is cause for concern until the child shows difficulties with language. The symptoms of burnout may seem sudden to parents, but they are actually part of a gradual progression.

Toddlers who experience autistic burnout are more likely to have a co-occurring intellectual disability. However, people who experience burnout in early childhood can also grow up to have average or even exceptional IQs. Just because a child has had a disruption in their development does not mean they have lost these skills forever.

Recovering from Autistic Burnout

There is limited research on recovery from autistic burnout. An autistic person’s abilities will often come back, but some skills may take longer to return than others. Some skills may not return to the level they were at before.

A person’s prognosis depends on a lot of factors. For example, a teenager who experiences burnout due to a temporary stressor may have briefer, milder symptoms than a middle-aged person who has forced themself to mask for over 30 years. People who push themselves to the point of burnout year after year are likely to have more severe skill loss than those who have a one-time episode and get immediate support.

If you are a caregiver of an autistic child, it is highly recommended that you visit a child psychologist. Early therapeutic interventions can improve a child’s long-term abilities to communicate and cope with stress. A mental health professional can also help you create a home environment that matches your child’s sensory needs. You may also wish to see a family therapist to discuss any concerns you may have about the future.

If you are an adult experiencing autistic burnout, you may benefit from individual therapy. A therapist can help you advocate for your needs with coworkers, friends, and family members. A therapist can also teach you meditation and other coping skills for stress. If you have clinical anxiety or depression (many autistic people do), therapy can treat those diagnoses.

While recovering from autistic burnout, it is important to be patient with yourself. It can be frustrating to lose access to skills, but remember that this is not your fault. During this time, it may help to schedule breaks throughout the day to relax. If you have a special interest or stim that calms you down, feel free to use those as much as you need to. Don’t be afraid to ask friends and family for help as you are recovering.

References:

  1. ASAN anti-filicide toolkit [PDF]. (2019). Autistic Self-Advocacy Network. Retrieved from http://autisticadvocacy.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/ASAN-Anti-Filicide-Toolkit-Complete.pdf
  2. Backer, N. (2015). Developmental regression in autism spectrum disorder. Sudanese Journal of Paediatrics, 15(1), 21-26. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4949854
  3. Barton, J. (2019). Autistic burnout or regression: Individuals on the autism spectrum [PDF]. Retrieved from https://www.scsha.net/assets/handouts/Austic%20burnout_SCSLHA_2019.pdf
  4. Dobbs, D. (2017, August 2). Rethinking regression in autism. Spectrum. Retrieved from https://www.spectrumnews.org/features/deep-dive/rethinking-regression-autism
  5. Kim, C. (2013, December 19). Autistic regression and fluid adaptation. Retrieved from https://musingsofanaspie.com/2013/12/19/autistic-regression-and-fluid-adaptation
  6. Roberts, W., & Harford, M. (2002). Immunization and children at risk for autism. Paediatrics Child Health, 7(9), 623-632. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2796520
  7. Ruggieri, V. L., & Arberas, C. L. (2018). Autistic regression: Clinical and aetiological aspects. Revista de Neurologia, 66(1), 17-23. Retrieved from https://europepmc.org/abstract/med/29516448

Sisters hold hands and watch a melting glacier.According to the United Nation’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change report, humanity has only a few years left to prevent environmental catastrophe. Should we fail, natural disasters will likely grow more frequent, food may become scarcer, and millions of people could be displaced from their homes. Many people across the globe are already experiencing these consequences.

Much of climate change’s burden falls on today’s children and adolescents. They are the ones who will have to survive in this hotter, harsher world. This threat has caused pervasive distress in many youths today—perhaps more than many adults realize.

However, all is not lost. Parents, teachers, and other concerned adults can help address this crisis. They can keep an eye out for potential mental health issues caused by environmental factors. They can offer emotional support. They can help kids develop emotionally healthy coping strategies. When climate change causes mental health issues in children, the support of adults can be invaluable.

Mental Health and the Environment

Children and teens, with their developing bodies and brains, can be more vulnerable to the consequences of global warming than adults. These include:

Even the heat itself can influence mental health. Research shows that as temperatures rise, people have more emotional arousal. They are more likely to have negative thoughts and aggressive impulses. Youth who already have mental health issues may see their symptoms worsen.

Heat can also reduce people’s ability to cope with intense emotions. Research suggests that as temperatures rise, our cognitive functioning can diminish, making us less able to solve problems without violence. Some individuals may resort to aggression or substance abuse to cope with distress. Increasing temperatures have also been linked to higher levels of suicide.

How Eco-Anxiety Manifests in Kids

Eco-anxiety, or climate anxiety, is severe and persistent distress about global warming. Research suggests climate anxiety is quite common among kids. One study surveyed 600 Australian kids ages 10-14. Among the respondents:

Similar numbers have been found in other studies.

If these fears are left to simmer without relief, they can lead to chronic stress. Some children may compulsively check the news or weather reports. Others may develop a perfectionist attitude toward recycling and water conservation. They may feel excessive guilt for circumstances outside their control.

A child could also go to the other extreme, developing a sense of hopelessness. Some children could feel that the end of the world is inevitable. They may lose motivation to do well in school or pursue hobbies, believing their effort won’t matter in the long run. Grief for a lost future could overwhelm any attachment to the present.

How to Talk to Kids About Climate Change

Many adults find it difficult to discuss global warming with children. Climate change is an upsetting dilemma with no easy answers. However, children are already getting information (and misinformation) on climate change from their friends, the internet, and elsewhere. It is often better for children to get clear information from a trusted source than to try and sift through the data themselves.

As an adult, you may be tempted to downplay the situation in order to soothe a child’s fears. This strategy can easily backfire. The child may misinterpret your attitude as apathy and conclude nothing is being done about the problem. They may develop resentment, believing adults don’t care what kind of environment they leave the next generation.

At the same time, it’s also important to avoid overwhelming the child with negativity. It may help to show the child examples of activists and scientists who are working to solve the problem. Role models can reassure kids they will not have to face this crisis alone. Emphasize that there is hope for the future.

Coping with Climate Change Anxiety

When faced with an environmental crisis, many individuals do not know how to cope. Andrea Bell, LCSW, SEP, from Long Beach, California, says, “When faced with overwhelmingly terrible news, such as mass extinctions of beloved animals, or the breakdown of the natural systems that sustain all life…it is entirely normal to feel anxiety and despair, rage and overwhelm.  We must not pathologize that. However, we should neither act out violently nor remain stuck in passive stress. We all must mobilize to help regenerate our ecosystems. As it turns out, this moving into action to help the planet also stops the stuckness and helps the individual start to feel better. It’s a little bit of stubborn optimism: ‘I’m still here, and I can do something.’ ”

Confronting an issue head-on is sometimes called problem-focused coping. It involves taking concrete steps to solve or mitigate a problem. You can help your kid with problem-focused coping by:

Another strategy is called meaning-focused coping. Its purpose is to help people maintain a sense of purpose and hope in difficult situations. Examples of meaning-focused strategies include:

Research shows children and adolescents with climate anxiety respond especially well to meaning-focused strategies. Since most youths cannot drive, work, or vote, their ability to directly enact change is limited. Furthermore, climate change is too large of an issue to be solved quickly. Meaning-focused strategies can help children maintain optimism and avoid emotional overwhelm.

A child may benefit from counseling if climate anxiety has affected their quality of life. A child counselor can work with the child individually to treat related mental health issues such as depression. A family therapist can work with the entire family to cope with climate anxiety. Visiting a school counselor may also be beneficial if a child’s academic performance has dropped.

No matter what a child’s needs may be, there is a mental health professional who can help them. You can find a counselor near you through GoodTherapy’s directory.

References:

  1. Clayton, S., Manning, C., Krygsman, K., & Speiser, M. (2017). Mental health and our changing climate: Impacts, implications, and guidance [PDF]. Retrieved from https://ecoamerica.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/ea-apa-psych-report-web.pdf
  2. Ojala, M. (2013). Coping with climate change among adolescents: Implications for subjective well-being and environmental engagement. Sustainability, 5(5), 2191-2209. Retrieved from https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/5/5/2191/htm
  3. Salas, R. N., Jacobs, W., & Perera, F. (2019, May 30). The case of Juliana v. U.S. : Children and the health burdens of climate change. The New England Journal of Medicine, 380(1), 2085-2087. Retrieved from https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp1905504
  4. Tucci, J., Mitchell, J., & Goddard, C. (2007). Children’s fears, hopes and heroes [PDF]. Retrieved from http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.590.5217&rep=rep1&type=pdf

Girl grows sad after reading a message from a cyberbully.Online harassment, sometimes called cyberbullying or cyber abuse, has become more prevalent as internet use has increased. According to 2017 statistics, 41% of American adults have experienced online harassment.

These figures increase when looking at cyberbullying in youth. In a 2014 review, between 20% and 40% of adolescents said they experienced some type of online harassment. However, since not everyone who experiences harassment reports it, the actual prevalence of harassment may be somewhat higher.

Online harassment can have serious mental health consequences at any age. Just because the abuse happens online does not make it any less real.

Types of Online Harassment

Among adults who’ve experienced harassment, 18% report serious harassment such as stalking, threats, or sustained harassment campaigns. Women are more likely than men to experience sexual harassment and receive sexually explicit images. More than half of women between ages 18 and 29 report receiving unwanted sexual images online. Research also suggests gender and ethnic minorities experience online harassment at increased rates.

Online harassment can take many forms. Common types include:

The Serious Mental Health Effects of Online Harassment

Today’s society is grounded in technology. It’s often difficult, if not impossible, to avoid using internet, email, or social media apps each day for work, school, or personal reasons. But people who have dealt with online harassment may feel anxiety and stress when they have to do these ordinary activities. This distress can lower one’s performance at school or work. Serious or persistent harassment can contribute to depression, suicidal thoughts, and even suicide attempts.

When our sense of emotional safety in the world is compromised, so too is our psychological health.“When our sense of emotional safety in the world is compromised, so too is our psychological health,” Allison Abrams, LCSW-R says. Some groups may be particularly vulnerable to harassment. “Those with certain risk factors, such as a history of trauma, previous depressive episodes, or a family history of depression, etc., are especially vulnerable. In some of these cases, online harassment can be a trigger for a clinical depressive episode. Being humiliated publicly can engender or certainly worsen feelings of worthlessness, isolation, and low self-esteem—all contributing factors in clinical depression.”

One 2017 study looked at the effects of cyberstalking among the 100 individuals. The study participants reported feelings of fear, anxiety, depression, and helplessness. Many of them changed jobs or altered their daily lives significantly as a result of cyberstalking.

Other research suggests 40% of people who experience online harassment develop lower self-esteem. Around 30% of people worry their lives may be in danger.

Multiple studies have shown the risk for mental health symptoms increase in youth who have experienced cyberbullying or online harassment. These may include depression, isolation, anxiety, and dissociation, among others. Adolescents who experience online harassment are three times as likely to have suicidal thoughts.

Negative effects may worsen if harassment continues, but victims of online abuse often find it hard to get help.

Reporting Online Harassment

Not everyone reports cyberbullying or harassment. Those who do often aren’t believed, which can compound the distress they experience. Even when people who report harassment are believed, free speech is protected by law, so a legal gray area surrounds certain types of harassment. This can limit the actions legal authorities can take.

Attempting to report online harassment can be frustrating when bullying and threats aren’t taken seriously. These are real concerns, and they should be treated as such, especially if they’re having a negative impact on your health.

Many states do have laws about cyberbullying and online harassment, so it’s still a good idea to report harassment. While it may be discouraging if authorities don’t respond and the harassment continues, violent threats in particular should always be reported.

If you’re experiencing online harassment, consider taking these steps:

Coping with Online Harassment

Research indicates many people who experience online harassment get little support from law enforcement professionals or community organizations, such as their schools or universities. Lacking support can greatly increase the chances that online harassment will have long-term mental health consequences.

You may feel inclined to avoid the internet after experiencing harassment. Doing so could help reduce distress and may help you cope with the experience. But avoiding social media could also make it more difficult to talk to friends and family, which can lead to isolation. If you choose to stop using the internet for a time, let your friends and family know what’s going on and work out a plan to stay in touch so you don’t become isolated.

It’s often difficult to share distressing experiences such as harassment or online abuse. But friends and family can offer support and advice, so talking to them may help more than keeping the situation to yourself.

Practicing good self-care can also help you cope. Making time to take care of yourself is always a good idea, but self-care becomes even more important when you’re in distress. If you feel anxious, overwhelmed, or angry, try:

Another part of self-care is taking care of your emotional health. You may find it easier to deal with online harassment when working with a therapist. They can offer compassion, support, and understanding in a safe space. It’s also possible they’ll have suggestions on how to deal with harassment. At the very least, they’ll be able to listen and help you develop strategies to cope with your distress.

If you’re experiencing online harassment and aren’t already working with a therapist, GoodTherapy’s directory is a good place to start your search. You’re not alone, so don’t wait to reach out for help.

References

  1. Airov, T. (2017, May 21). Cyberbullying linked with range of mental health effects. Retrieved from https://www.psychcongress.com/article/cyberbullying-linked-range-mental-health-effects
  2. Culp-Ressler, T. (2014, June 11). The real life consequences of online harassment. ThinkProgress. Retrieved from https://thinkprogress.org/the-real-life-consequences-of-online-harassment-5c8e9547a93e
  3. Defining “online harassment”: A glossary of terms. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://onlineharassmentfieldmanual.pen.org/resource-guide-to-combat-online-harassment/defining-online-harassment-a-glossary-of-terms
  4. Duggan, M. (2017, July 11). Online harassment 2017. Retrieved from https://www.pewinternet.org/2017/07/11/online-harassment-2017
  5. Nixon, C. L. (2014, August 1). Current perspectives: The impact of cyberbullying on adolescent health. Adolescent Health, Medicine and Therapeutics, 5, 143-158. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4126576
  6. Worsley, J. D., Wheatcroft, J., M., Short, E., & Corcoran, R. (2017, May 23). Victims’ voices: Understanding the emotional impact of cyberstalking and individuals’ coping responses. SAGE Journals, 7(2). Retrieved from https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/2158244017710292

How Many Friends Does the Average Person Have?

INFOGRAPHIC TEXT:  HOW MANY FRIENDS DOES THE AVERAGE PERSON HAVE?

According to a 2004 Gallup poll, Americans have an average of 8-9 close friends. More specifically:

According to anthropologist Robin Dunbar, human brains have a limit on how many meaningful relationships they can keep track of. Dunbar says most people can have up to:

A recent survey seems to support Dunbar’s theory. Researchers found the average Facebook user

References:

  1. Carroll, J. (2004, March 5). Americans satisfied with number of friends, closeness of friendships. Gallup News Service. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/2xNp05p
  2. Knapton, S. (2016, January 20) Facebook users have 155 friends—but would trust just four in a crisis. The Telegraph. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/2Kp8Cj4
  3. Konnikova, M. (2014, October 7). The Limits of Friendship. The New Yorker. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/2hHO4BM

Can Marijuana Use During Pregnancy Harm a Baby

INFOGRAPHIC TEXT: CAN MARIJUANA USE DURING PREGNANCY HARM A BABY?

In the U.S., 4% of pregnant women report using cannabis in the last month.

During pregnancy, up to 30% of THC (marijuana’s active ingredient) can reach the baby.

Research shows a child exposed to THC in the womb or through breast milk is more likely to:

However, it’s difficult to say whether THC exposure causes these issues or if it occurs alongside other contributing factors such as parental alcohol use.

In some states, women who expose their children to marijuana in utero may be required to get substance abuse treatment.

References:

  1. Can marijuana use during and after pregnancy harm the baby? (2018). National Institute of Health. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/2H0O8bl
  2. Is it safe to use marijuana during pregnancy? (2017). Retrieved from https://bit.ly/2S0ydTb
  3. Some pregnant women don’t believe cannabis is harmful to their fetus. (2019, January 21). ScienceDaily. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/2R6DNPp

What is the Age Limit for Adoptive Parents in America

Infographic Text: What Is the Age Limit for Adoptive Parents in America?

The answer depends on where you live. Only 16 states list specific minimum age requirements for adoption.

These states require the parents to be at least 18 years old:

These states require the parents to be at least 21 years old:

These states require the parents to be at least 25 years old:

These states require the parents to be at least 10 years older than the adopted child (or 15 in Idaho’s case):

No states have an upper age limit for adoptive parents. So long as you are physically stable enough to care for a child, you can adopt from a government agency. Some private agencies, however, put a cut-off at the age of 40.

If you need help determining whether adoption is appropriate for your situation, consider speaking to a therapist.

References:

  1. Domestic vs international adoption. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://bit.ly/2TPAHRF
  2. Spence, V. (n.d.) Is there an age limit in adoption? Retrieved from https://bit.ly/2ST1HiY
  3. What are the top 10 requirements to adopt a child. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://bit.ly/2QQ7ZOw

Photographic memory infographic

 

Infographic Text: Can you train yourself to develop a photographic memory?

No. Despite what pop culture suggests, humans cannot create perfect replicas of images in their heads.

There is a similar phenomenon called eidetic memory that occurs in 2-10% of children. These kids can look at an image for 30 seconds and then continue “seeing” it after the physical picture is taken away. However, eidetic memories only last for a few minutes at most.

While developing a photographic memory is impossible, you can train yourself to improve the memory you do have. You are more likely to benefit from training exercises that constantly challenge you (such as learning a new language) than from playing card games on your phone.

References:

  1. Improving memory. (n.d.). Harvard Health Publishing. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/2xVe0QP
  2. Searleman, A. (n.d.). Is there such a thing as a photographic memory? And if so, can it be learned? Scientific American. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/2PBvqKU
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