Black and African American individuals have experienced great progress when it comes to mental health support, but barriers to quality care still persist. These challenges exist all year round, but this February, you can honor Black History Month by exploring the importance of mental health in the Black community and taking actionable steps to remove these access barriers.

Below, we highlight existing challenges that Black individuals face in the mental health space and how you can help find practical solutions to culturally competent care for yourself or a loved one.

Black Americans and Mental Health: Why Culture Matters

The mental health challenges of this community are complex. They are the result of a number of nuanced factors, including historical trauma, social stigma, systemic racism and discrimination, socioeconomic inequities, and cultural influences. Whether you identify as a person of color, a member of the LGBTQ+ community, an immigrant, someone of a specific religion, or part of another group, one truth remains true: cultural identity shapes emotional expression and coping mechanisms.

You can see these challenges reflected in the stark realities of mental health

within the Black community in the U.S.:

Healthcare professionals must consider these critical factors as they provide care. Yet, many mental healthcare systems miss the cultural nuances that make individuals unique and shape their emotional needs. GoodTherapy’s Black Indigenous People of Color (BIPOC) page, however, helps individuals find therapists who truly understand them and their backgrounds.

Barriers to Accessing Mental Health Care for Black Americans

Your mental health needs are specific to only you, but they often stem from cultural, historical, and intergenerational influences that people can’t control. For the Black community, cultural factors like segregation, discrimination, familial trauma, religious beliefs, and social pressures often keep folks from seeking care when they need it.

Common Stressors in the Black Experience

Below are some common experiences that tend to add emotional and mental load on Black individuals. Being aware of these can help you better protect your well-being or support loved ones:

These are not the only factors that can impact Black mental health, but recognizing common ones is the first step in emotional healing. Expert therapists at GoodTherapy are prepared to help you acknowledge and work through these experiences, so you can start protecting your mental health for a better you.

What Is Culturally Competent Care and Why It Matters

Culturally competent therapy helps you feel validated, understood, and equipped to manage your emotional needs within your cultural identity. This approach is especially beneficial for those in marginalized communities, but it’s key to find a therapist who knows how to do this appropriately.

Good therapists are not just professionals with experience: they’re people in your corner who really get you and your experiences. Culturally competent therapists can help Black individuals understand societal stressors specific to the Black experience and feel heard.

In one of our recent Member Spotlight interviews, we spoke to Dr. LaNail Plummer about the importance of addressing the unique elements of Black Mental Health. Her recent book, titled The Essential Guide for Counseling Black Women, explores this in more detail, helping both therapists and clients find culturally competent therapy that is unique to the Black experience.

Celebrating Healing and Resilience This Black History Month

Black History Month is all about celebrating the achievements of Black folks in U.S. history and the legacy they have today. This includes pioneers in mental health, such as:

Celebrating people like these, and acknowledging Black mental health needs, helps us find solutions to better mental health services. Through advocacy and representation, mental health access and care for Black individuals improve, one conversation at a time.

Moving Towards Equitable, Compassionate Mental Health Care

The Black community is not the only group that experiences mistrust, fear, stigma, and systemic inequities when it comes to mental health. Yet, understanding the unique elements that influence Black mental health barriers is key to breaking them down.

Essential to this effort are culturally competent therapists: professionals who are eager, trained, and prepared to help you navigate your unique experiences and identities. If you’re ready to prioritize your mental well-being or support someone else, explore our GoodTherapy resources, like our Find Help Quiz, which helps you identify what care is best for you.

Let’s be real: tuning into the latest headlines or scrolling your feed during this political moment can feel like a punch to the gut. If you’ve noticed your stress levels rising, your mood dipping, or a persistent knot in your stomach from the political climate, you’re definitely not alone. Across the country, people are grappling with anxiety, worry, and even grief.

Here’s the truth: feeling overwhelmed right now is entirely normal. The nonstop stream of heated debates, policy shifts, and divisive rhetoric can wear on anyone. It can start to feel like it’s shaping your identity, safety, and sense of hope. That’s why it’s so important to create space for resilience, not to ignore what’s happening, but to protect your mental health so it doesn’t spiral under the weight of it all.

This blog is here to do more than just validate your emotions, it’s a resource to empower you, especially if you’re part of an underrepresented group struggling to find resilience amid the noise. Below, you’ll find practical ways to protect your peace, nurture your well-being, and tap into culturally competent GoodTherapy experts who understand exactly where you’re coming from.

Current Events Causing Widespread Political Stress

Trying to keep up with the U.S. political scene right now can feel like running a marathon with no finish line in sight. No matter where you fall on the spectrum, the back-and-forth and the real-world changes behind the headlines are hitting home in ways many of us can’t ignore

If you’re feeling anxious, overwhelmed, or emotionally drained, it’s a completely valid response. The mounting list of policy shifts isn’t just political jargon; it’s reshaping lives in real, often painful ways, especially for marginalized communities. Here’s just a snapshot of the realities many are navigating right now:

• Natural Disasters Drive Stress Higher: Catastrophic events like the recent floods in southern Texas have caused loss of life, widespread damage, and lasting mental health impacts. They also expose political tensions, as underfunded infrastructure and delayed emergency responses leave some communities feeling neglected or targeted.
• A Spike in Hate, Discrimination, and Violence: No matter where you land on the political spectrum, most people can agree that slurs and targeted violence are not okay. However, recent increases in hate crimes, racial slurs, and other violence against groups like Muslims, Jewish people, and other minority groups are taking a toll.
• Underrepresented Communities Are Losing Support: Recent U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) program cuts and tariffs are placing Black farmers under new pressures, and federal funding for Black-led non-profits continues to shrink.
• LGBTQ+ and Other Groups Are Seeing Critical Funding Dry Up: When the NIH halted funding for LGBTQ+ health, gender identity, and research, it didn’t just cut programs, it left entire communities facing uncertainty and frustration.
• Women’s Health Is in the Crosshairs: New laws restricting reproductive services, contraceptives, and even routine health screenings are making it more challenging for women to get the care they need, fueling anxiety and frustration.
• Immigrants Face Uncertain, Harsher Realities: Recent crackdowns and shifting policies have left many immigrants, including those with clean records and proper documentation, feeling unsettled, questioning what “home” really means right now.

Widespread worry is evident, and the shared stress many feel isn’t imaginary: it’s a natural response to real, lived experiences in a climate that often feels unsteady. Because of this, acknowledging the mental and emotional weight so many carry is key for the healing, support, and care you need.

2025: The Year of Political Anxiety

There’s no denying that experiencing discrimination and a tense political climate can take a serious toll on your mental health. The stress, anxiety, and even grief many people are feeling right now isn’t just “in your head”: it’s a real, lived experience. But political burnout isn’t exclusive to any one group: recent numbers show nearly half of Gen Z, Millennials, and Baby Boomer populations are feeling it, too.

Maybe you’ve noticed your mind racing, a sense of restlessness, or an energy crash that makes even simple tasks feel impossible. Below are some anxiety and depression symptoms you might be experiencing:

• Excessive worry
• Restlessness
• Feeling on edge
• Fatigue
• Difficulty concentrating
• Other physical symptoms like dizziness, headaches, and digestive issues

If this list feels a little too familiar, you’re not alone and you’re not powerless. Naming political anxiety is a key first step toward caring for your mind and body. From there, support and effective strategies are within reach.

Strategies for Coping With Political Anxiety

While the recent political landscape has been triggering and upsetting for many people, there is hope: learning practical coping strategies to combatl grief and stress is critical for your emotional well-being. Try the following:

• Acknowledge your distress and don’t ignore your feelings
• Set realistic goals around news consumption so you can better understand your personal limits and avoid becoming overwhelmed
• Limit media time, and try to avoid doomscrolling in an unproductive way
• Lean on your community, chances are, friends, family, and others are navigating the same mental health challenges
• Find and create moments of joy: while it’s good to acknowledge negative feelings, making sure you make time to recognize happy moments can give you new perspectives

These coping strategies are great tools to use when you’re feeling overwhelmed. Still, professional help from culturally competent therapists can give you an added level of support and guidance so you can be resilient in the face of political stress. 

The Value of Culturally Competent Therapy Today

Political anxiety doesn’t exist in a vacuum. It’s deeply shaped by your unique experiences, identity, and how the world responds. The emotional toll of today’s climate can be heavy, especially for those navigating discrimination, marginalization, or the chronic stress of feeling unsafe or unseen. That’s why finding the right therapist matters.

If you’ve ever felt like your identity was misunderstood, minimized, or overlooked in a therapy session, it may be a sign the support wasn’t truly aligned with your lived experience. Culturally responsive therapists are trained to understand the nuances of race, culture, gender, sexuality, religion, and more, all the factors that shape how you experience the world.

Here’s why that kind of care is so essential right now:

• You feel genuinely heard and safe, which is foundational to healing.
• You can unpack the complex impact of systemic issues and discrimination without having to educate your therapist first.
• You get support that’s tailored to your life, not a one-size-fits-all approach.

In a political landscape that often feels unpredictable or hostile, having someone who truly understands your reality can be the difference between feeling alone and feeling empowered. If you’re ready to connect with a therapist who truly sees you, start with the GoodTherapy Help Me Find Care quiz. It asks a few key questions about your needs, preferences, and insurance to help match you with the right provider.

Navigate Political Stress With GoodTherapy

The U.S. political climate can feel relentless, especially for those facing discrimination or systemic barriers. From funding cuts and limited healthcare access to changes in immigration policy, the constant stream of difficult news can take an emotional toll.

But support is available. Culturally competent therapists and supportive communities like GoodTherapy can help you process what you’re feeling and build resilience. Prioritizing your mental health is one of the most powerful forms of self-care. Why wait to find support?

Read More: Want to Learn More About How Therapy Can Help? Explore More

Resources:

Capital B News: Black Farmers Brace for Trump’s Tariffs While Navigating USDA Office Closures

The Observer: Black-Led Organizations Vital to Economic Growth But Remain Underfunded: Report

The Association of American Universities: New Brief Finds NIH has Canceled $1.9 Billion in Grants

KFF Health News: Major Federal and State Funding Cuts Facing Planned Parenthood

Pew Research Center: Americans’ Views of Deportations

Forbes: Election Anxiety: 61% Say Presidential Election’s Impact on Mental Health Is Negative

Medium: Managing Political Anxiety: Simple Strategies for Coping

It’s human nature to want to feel validated in your feelings and experiences, and therapy is a great avenue for feeling understood. Yet, our unique perspectives, cultures, and outlooks often impact our emotions and struggles, which means therapy must also be personal. Culturally competent therapists better understand the qualities and identifiers that make you unique, such as race, gender, sexual orientation, religion, and more. Below, we dive into the importance of culturally competent counseling and how you can take advantage of it.

Read More: Not Sure How to Get Started on Your Therapy Journey?

Cultural Competence Explained

You might feel like other people don’t understand your values, beliefs, or experiences. This is where cultural considerations come in. Cultural competence is a set of knowledge, skills, and attitudes that someone, like a mental health provider, can apply to effectively respond to and work with people with diverse backgrounds.
When used appropriately, cultural competence has a place in nearly every industry, from healthcare to education to business to social work. In therapy, a culturally competent therapist can be key in helping you feel safe and supported, especially when sharing vulnerable feelings or emotions. For some people, culturally competent care might mean understanding experiences through a lens of race or sexuality. For others, it might mean considering regional background or spoken language during care. Regardless of your unique identifiers, these elements can impact your communication approaches, attachment styles, triggers, and emotional responses.

Read More: The Relationship Between Culture and Communication Is Closer Than You Think

Why Culturally Sensitive Therapy Matters

Your therapist’s main goal is to help you feel validated, understood, and equipped to manage your emotions with the right tools. Culturally competent therapy means providing an added level of consideration and context to your sessions. Every person’s experiences are different, but below are some examples of what culturally sensitive care might look like:

• When your therapist seeks to understand terms and words you use from your culture that are not considered Standard English
• Helping you unpack microaggressions you’ve experienced because of your race or sexuality
• Validating your perspective on a topic through the lens of your gender expression
• Discussing what a mental health condition means to you, depending on your religion or culture

How Intersectionality Meets Therapy

People’s emotional or difficult experiences can be layered and involve more than one element of identity – this is called “intersectionality.” Understanding intersectionality is important for both you and your therapist because acknowledging people’s unique identifiers and experiences promotes improved policies, health approaches, self-care practices, and resources. There are many examples of intersectionality and how that relates to mental health, but the following are just a few examples:

• You might be feeling like your coworkers are treating you unfairly because of your race. You might also be afraid to speak up to your manager because you’re a woman and assume it’s better if you stay quiet. Your identities as a black person and a woman blend together to create this unique experience.
• You are a trans woman in college who is also Muslim and wears a hijab to cover your hair because of your religious beliefs. You might feel uncomfortable at school because some classmates tease you for wearing a hijab and also misgender you often. Your identities as a trans woman and a Muslim person impact your personal challenges in this setting.

Finding a culturally competent therapist who understands you on multiple levels is crucial to helping you address your layered mental health needs and feel safe during your sessions. The right therapist will talk you through different self-reflection practices to address your unique identities and backgrounds. When choosing a therapist, be sure you ask them their areas of expertise, test out how you feel when you unpack certain topics with them, and ask meaningful questions during the initial intake sessions to be sure you can build an effective relationship. 

Read More: Not Sure How to Find the Right Therapist? Start Here With Three Steps.

GoodTherapy Makes Finding Your Ideal Therapist Easy 

Finding a therapist you trust can be difficult, but GoodTherapy makes it easier. Our search filters help you find professionals who understand your background and apply culturally competent care to your conversations. Simply filter your search with information like:

• Location 
• Treatment type
• Telehealth or treatment center
• Therapist speciality

Plus, you can use our Therapy for BIPOC Individuals page to find a therapist who understands your different layers and experiences. We’re committed to providing inclusive resources for BIPOC individuals to get the help they deserve.

Getting the help you deserve doesn’t have to be complicated. Our licensed, highly-rated professionals are prepared to offer you personalized, culturally-informed care so you can be the best version of yourself.

Read More: Not Sure Which Type of Therapist Is Best for You? Explore Your Options 

Understanding Intergenerational Trauma: An Introduction for Clinicians

January 8, 2021 • By Dr. Fabiana Franco, PhD, DAAETS

by Dr. Fabiana Franco, PhD, DAEETS
Simple trauma describes a single, circumscribed traumatic event (such as an assault). Complex trauma occurs when a person experiences a series of repeated traumatic events or when new, unique traumatic incidents occur such as natural disasters. Complex trauma early in life can damage multiple aspects of the child’s development. Complex trauma may involve entire families in incidents of violence, addiction, or poverty. (1)

Historical Trauma

Historical trauma refers to traumatic experiences or events that are shared by a group of people within a society, or even by an entire community, ethnic, or national group. Historical trauma meets three criteria: widespread effects, collective suffering, and malicious intent (2). Historical Trauma Response (HTR) can manifest as substance abuse, suicidal thoughts, depression, anxiety, low self-esteem, anger, violence, and difficulty in emotional regulation (3)

Intergenerational Trauma

Intergenerational trauma (sometimes referred to as trans- or multigenerational trauma) is defined as trauma that gets passed down from those who directly experience an incident to subsequent generations. Intergenerational trauma may begin with a traumatic event affecting an individual, traumatic events affecting multiple family members, or collective trauma affecting larger community, cultural, racial, ethnic, or other groups/populations (historical trauma). Those affected by intergenerational trauma might experience symptoms similar to that of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), including hypervigilance, anxiety, and mood dysregulation.

Intergenerational trauma was first identified among the children of Holocaust survivors (4), but recent research has identified intergenerational trauma among other groups such as indigenous populations in North America and Australia (3)(5). In 1988, one study showed that children of Holocaust survivors were overrepresented in psychiatric referrals by 300% (6). The subjects were selected based on having at least one parent or grandparent who was a survivor.

Parenting as an Explanation for the Phenomenon of Intergenerational Trauma

While the existence of intergenerational trauma is well documented in multiple studies across several cultures, the mechanisms of transmission of intergenerational trauma remain unclear.

Trauma’s Effects on Parents

Parents may transmit inborn genetic vulnerabilities triggered by their own traumatic experience or via parenting styles that have been impacted by their trauma (7). Trauma survivors face many challenges when they are parents, including difficulty bonding to and creating healthy emotional attachments with their children. Yael Danieli categorized four adaptation styles amongst the families of survivors: Numb, Victim, Fighters, and Those Who Made It. Survivors who become numb seek silence by self-isolating, have a very low tolerance for stimulation of any kind, and are minimally involved in raising their children. Victims fear and distrust the outside world, try to remain inconspicuous, and are frequently depressed and quarrelsome. Fighters focus on succeeding at all costs and retaining an armor of strength, making them intolerant of weakness or self-pity. Those Who Made It are characterized by their pursuit of socio-economic success but also by the ways in which they intentionally distance themselves both from their experience of trauma and from other survivors (8).

Effects on Children

Children experience and understand the world primarily through direct caregivers and are, therefore, profoundly affected by their parents’ modeling. Children both mimic their parents’ behaviors and learn to navigate future relationships based on how they learned to relate to their parents. Enduring coping mechanisms due to the effects of trauma may be forged out of efforts to avoid and/or “fix” a parent’s abusive behavior, anger, depression, neglect, or other problematic behaviors.

GoodTherapy members with Basic, Premium, and Pro memberships are invited to submit articles for the GoodTherapy blog. Not a member yet? Learn more here.

The Great Famine in Ukraine of 1932-1933 and Intergenerational Trauma 

The Holodomor (derived from the Ukrainian “to kill by starvation”‘) is also known as the Famine-Genocide in Ukraine, the Terror-Famine, the Great Famine, or the Ukrainian Genocide of 1932–33. It resulted from deliberate actions on the part of the authorities in Soviet Ukraine who, under the direction of Joseph Stalin, sought to force collectivization on the ethnic Ukrainian peasant population. This resulted in the deaths of millions (11).

In 2010, Brent Bezo conducted a pilot study to understand the generational impact of the Holodomor. Bezo interviewed 45 people from three generations of 15 Ukrainian families. The first generation survived through the Holodomor: the second and third generations were their children and grandchildren.

The study revealed that the coping mechanisms that the direct survivors had developed during the genocide were retained in the family system and passed down to their children and grandchildren. They described living in “survival mode,” including difficulty trusting people, a food-scarcity mentality, low self-worth, hoarding, social hostility, and risky health behaviors (10).

Aboriginal Communities in Canada and Intergenerational Trauma 

Aboriginal communities in Canada suffered from sustained trauma. For generations, Canada tried to forcibly assimilate Aboriginal people by placing them in residential schools, removing children from their families, and generally attempting to eradicate their culture and traditions (5).

The effects of this prolonged trauma have impacted First Nations groups on individual and collective levels, including markedly high rates of depression and self-destructive behaviors compared to the non-Aboriginal population. One of the challenges for mental health professionals working with community members is to understand the effects of intergenerational trauma on their clients, including a well-earned mistrust in the ministries of outsiders.

When Trauma is not Acknowledged – Learning From the Armenian Genocide

Mental health professionals are often unfamiliar with the history of those they seek to treat. Unrecognized and, therefore, unacknowledged traumatic events, such as family trauma or childhood trauma will go on to pose unique challenges for both client and clinician.

Trauma Denied

The Armenian Genocide, during which the Ottoman Turkish Empire massacred 1.5 million Armenians in 1915, is an example of historical trauma that has often been either minimized or denied outright. In fact, the mass murder of Armenians, Assyrian, Greek, and other Christian and religious minority populations of the Ottoman Empire between 1914 and 1923 has yet to be acknowledged as a genocide by the Turkish government (11). It can be especially challenging to cope with an injury while you are still fighting for its acknowledgment a century after it was inflicted. Additionally, due to this lack of formal recognition, Armenian survivors find it difficult to trust non-Armenian mental health professionals with their history and pain (12).

Coping: Family Closeness

Dagirmanjian suggested narrative therapy as a treatment with Armenians (12). Narrative therapy allows survivors to embody and settle into their perception and view of themselves (11). Another important key to working with Armenians is understanding the way Armenians value family closeness. This trait has sometimes been misunderstood and even considered unhealthy by Western clinicians who have been trained to approach family therapy with the goal of promoting individuation (12). In general, it is crucial for the mental health professional to understand the cultural context of the person suffering from trauma, including intergenerational trauma, to provide the most effective and sensitive treatment.

When Trauma Attacks the Core of a Person’s Identity 

Systematic attacks on a person or group’s identity, such as the Holocaust or the Aboriginal experience, are particularly damaging because identity and tradition are essential to perceived meaning in life. Victor Frankl, in his book, Man’s Search for Meaning, describes the imperative for people to feel securely connected to meaning in their life: without specific meaning, it is literally impossible to live (13).

In approaching survivors of historical trauma in which the intent was not only to inflict pain or kill but to demean and, ultimately, erase the identity of an entire people, the therapist must be aware that recovery requires the restoration of morale, identity, and purpose.

Culturally-Mindful Interventions

In Canada’s Aboriginal communities, intergenerational trauma treatment is complicated due to high substance use (which is itself likely a sequela of historical trauma). A valuable 2015 study (14) demonstrated the importance of blending Aboriginal and Western healing methods to treat intergenerational trauma when it was associated with substance use disorder among Aboriginal people in Canada (14). A vital element in this approach is reclaiming and recovering Aboriginal identity, including traditions, philosophies, and practices, and adapting them to current circumstances and needs. Programs that enhanced identity through cultural affiliations, increased cultural awareness through healing circles and family involvement, and were strongly influenced by traditional Aboriginal spirituality contributed significantly to decreases in substance use, domestic violence (which are often associated with substance use), and an overall increase in individual and communal healing (14).

The Role of Epigenetics in Intergenerational Transmission of Trauma 

Maternal stress and trauma are associated with health consequences for both mother and child, including low birth weight, fetal growth, and preterm delivery (15). The effect of maternal stress and trauma translate into additional risks for the infant later in life, including hypertension, heart disease, Type II diabetes mellitus, and even cancer (16).

Epigenetics refers to the study of heritable changes in gene expression in response to behavioral and environmental factors that do not change the underlying DNA sequence. In other words, epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in phenotypical properties without a difference in the inherited genetic makeup. Recent studies demonstrate that traumatic events can induce genetic changes in the parents, which may then be transmitted to their children with adverse effects (17).

In 2005, a study conducted to better understand the relationship between the PTSD symptoms of women exposed to the World Trade Center collapse on September 11, 2001, and their infant children’s cortisol levels found lower cortisol levels both in the mothers and their babies (18). Cortisol is a hormone released through the adrenal gland which helps regulate stress response. These findings speak to the importance of factoring epigenetic effects into our evolving understanding of how posttraumatic effects may be transmitted across generations (18).

Take Away Lessons for Mental Health Professionals Treating Intergenerational Trauma 

Intergenerational trauma may be transmitted through parenting behaviors, changes in gene expression, and/or other pathways that we have yet to understand fully. These may be biological, social, psychological, and/or a mixture of all three. As we trace these modes of transmission, practitioners will be better able to match interventions to specific factors that either propagate traumatic effects across generations or mitigate against their transmission. Different sources of intergenerational trauma will likely require different approaches. Innovative treatments for multigenerational trauma that borrow from indigenous cultures, acknowledge historical trauma, connect to group identity, and support survivors in finding meaning and purpose in their experience and that of their family and people are already providing practical tools for practitioners and point the way towards future progress for future generations.

References

(1) Courtois, C. A. (2008). Complex trauma, complex reactions: Assessment and treatment. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, S(1), 86-100. Accessed August 24, 2017.

(2) O’Neill L, Fraser T, Kitchenham A, McDonald V (June 2018). “Hidden Burdens: a Review of Intergenerational, Historical and Complex Trauma, Implications for Indigenous Families”. Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma. 11 (2): 173–186.

(3) Maria Yellow Horse Brave Heart “The historical trauma response among natives and its relationship to substance abuse: A Lakota illustration.” Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 35(1).

(4) Fossion P, Rejas MC, Servais L, Pelc I, Hirsch S (2003). “Family approach with grandchildren of Holocaust survivors”. American Journal of Psychotherapy. 57 (4): 519–27.

(5) Aguiar, W. & Halseth, R. (2015). Aboriginal peoples and Historic Trauma: The processes of intergenerational transmission. Prince George, BC: National Collaborating Centre for Aboriginal Health.

(6) Sigal, J. J., Dinicola, V. F., & Buonvino, M. (1988). Grandchildren of Survivors: Can Negative Effects of Prolonged Exposure to Excessive Stress be Observed Two Generations Later? The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 33(3), 207–212.

(7) Bowers, M. E., & Yehuda, R. (2016). Intergenerational Transmission of Stress in Humans. Neuropsychopharmacology: official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 41(1), 232–244.

(8) Danieli, Y. (1981). Differing adaptational styles in families of survivors of the Nazi Holocaust: Some implications for treatment. Children Today, 10: 6-10.

(9) Werth, Nicolas. 2007. “La grande famine ukrainienne de 1932–1933.” In La terreur et le désarroi: Staline et son système, edited by N. Werth. Paris. ISBN 2-262-02462-6. p. 132.

(10) DeAngelis, T. (2019, February). The legacy of trauma. Monitor on Psychology, 50(2). http://www.apa.org/monitor/2019/02/legacy-trauma

(11) Mangassarian, Selina L. (2016). 100 Years of Trauma: the Armenian Genocide and Intergenerational Cultural Trauma, Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 25:4, 371-381

(12) Dagirmanjian, S. (2005). Armenian families. In G. McGoldrick & N. Garcia-Preto (Eds.), Ethnicity and family therapy (pp. 437–450). New York, NY: Guilford.

(13) Frankl, V. E. (1984). Man’s search for meaning: An introduction to logotherapy. New York: Simon & Schuster.

(14) Marsh, T.N., Coholic, D., Cote-Meek, S. et al. Blending Aboriginal and Western healing methods to treat intergenerational trauma with substance use disorder in Aboriginal peoples who live in Northeastern Ontario, Canada. Harm Reduct J 12, 14 (2015).

(15) Dunkel-Schetter, C, Wadhwa, P, & Stanton, AL. (2000). Stress and reproduction: Introduction to the special section. Health Psychol; 19(6): 507-509.

(16) Barker, D. J. P. (1998). Mothers, babies and health in later life (2nd ed,). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone.

(17) Yehuda R, Bierer LM (2009). The relevance of epigenetics to PTSD: implications for the DSM-V. J Trauma Stress 22: 427–434.

(18) Yehuda, Rachel, Mulherin Engel, Stephanie, Brand, Sarah R., Seckl, Jonathan, Marcus, Sue M., Berkowitz, Gertrud S., Transgenerational Effects of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Babies of Mothers Exposed to the World Trade Center Attacks during Pregnancy, The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, Volume 90, Issue 7, 1 July 2005, Pages 4115–4118.

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© Copyright 2021 GoodTherapy.org. All rights reserved. Permission to publish granted by Dr. Fabiana Franco, PhD, DAAETS