GoodTherapy | The Stigma Around Men’s Mental Health June is a celebratory month for many reasons, most notably the start of summertime, but many don’t realize this time of year is also Men’s Mental Health Month. While discussing such an important topic shouldn’t be confined to one month out of the year, it offers a great opportunity to reflect on the progress and conversely, persistent barriers that men still face when it comes to seeking professional help.  

Men’s Mental Health Picture By the Numbers  

It’s no secret that men have a lower likelihood of seeking mental health therapy compared to women. In fact, according to an American Psychological Association survey, just 35% of men stated they’d seek help from a mental health professional, as opposed to 58% of women.    It should go without saying that men seek therapy not because they suffer from mental health conditions at lower rates. In fact, the opposite is true in many cases. According to Mental Health America, about six million men suffer from depression in the U.S. every year, and men are also more likely to suffer from substance abuse and experience much higher rates of suicide.   Studies have shown that men also express symptoms of depression that don’t necessarily follow traditional guidelines of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder, or DSM. Rather than citing well-known effects, such as chronic fatigue, appetite changes, and lowered interest in hobbies, they often state external behaviors, such as alcohol consumption or aggression, which are often more difficult to associate with a clinical diagnosis.  

Ways to Reduce Stigma Around Men’s Mental Health  

 Societal discourse and norms continue to lend credence to the notion that masculinity involves appearing tough and independent at all times. According to psychologist Dr. Brad Brenner:    “Societal stigma and entrenched masculinity norms play pivotal roles in shaping men’s attitudes toward mental health problems and their willingness to seek help. The fear of being perceived as weak or vulnerable is a significant barrier. This is exacerbated by the traditional view of masculinity, which emphasizes strength, stoicism, and self-reliance, often at the expense of emotional expression and vulnerability.” 

Sharing therapy experiences publicly 

Myths fester when no individuals, or at least very few, are willing to criticize a long-held belief openly, and historically, that explains why many were embarrassed or ashamed to admit they went to therapy. But times have changed. Male therapy attendance still lags in the U.S. compared to women, though the strides made over the last decade are a testament to the heightened public discourse that is questioning these long-held beliefs about what it means to be “a man.”   Men are increasingly willing to discuss their mental health journey, whether that involves seeking therapy or seeking medication for depression or anxiety. And that only propagates healthier and more transparent approaches to mental health, whether via social media or public figures. 

 Creating and maintaining healthy community and relationships 

Hearing celebrities, advertisements or social media influencers talk about therapy is helpful, but penetrating deep-seated misconceptions must also involve one’s close relationships. Surrounding yourself with friends and family that allow you to authentically express yourself and show vulnerability is a big deterrent to depressive symptoms and can act as an antidote to some mental health side effects. Such an environment also allows us to feel more comfortable sharing our own struggles, which can help propel efforts to seek therapy.    

Normalizing men in mental health positions  

Men are more likely to feel indifferent about their therapists’ gender than women — who, on average, prefer a female therapist — but there are certainly benefits of men talking with a therapist of the same sex. Just like women may feel less shame and embarrassment talking to someone who has a firsthand understanding of female-specific challenges, men are also likely to feel that way about gender-related topics, whether societally imposed or otherwise.   But because the majority of therapists and psychologists are females, it can further fuel the idea that mental health discussions are a “feminine” endeavor, and by extension, diminish one’s masculinity. In fact, women comprise nearly three-quarters of all new psychology doctorates and more than half of the psychology workforce, according to the APA’s Center for Workforce Studies.   The more men go to therapy and discuss its benefits, however, the more other males will be encouraged to seek help, and eventually, they may also feel more motivated to enter the profession and provide much-needed representation.  

Making it convenient to find a compatible therapist  

Finding an available therapist who makes you feel comfortable, has availability that aligns with your schedule, and accepts your insurance can be difficult. Traditionally, the process was so cumbersome that it dissuaded many who were already apprehensive about therapy. But that’s no longer the case. Online directories, such as GoodTherapy, make the process seamless by allowing you to easily filter for the criteria you’re looking for, whether it’s by availability, price, insurance plan, or more.      

A young woman sits and watches hot air balloons drifting across the horizon.During an autistic person’s life, there may be times when they seem to lose skills or show more obvious signs of autism. For example, a toddler who had a vocabulary of a dozen words may stop talking altogether. A social teenager may find it harder to make appropriate eye contact or take turns in conversation, despite having learned these skills as a child.

This phenomenon is called autistic burnout (or autistic regression, depending on the source). Autistic burnout can be very distressing for the autistic individual and their family, especially if they don’t know what is happening. However, it is important to note that autistic burnout is not necessarily an omen of permanent regression or skill loss. Recovery is possible.

What Is Autistic Burnout?

Autistic burnout can happen at any age, but it usually occurs at major transition points in life, such as toddlerhood, puberty, or young adulthood. Any period in which a person experiences lots of changes or stress can prompt an episode of burnout.

Very young children with burnout often lose language skills. Some children may forget a chunk of their vocabulary but still retain a few words. Others may stop making sound entirely and resort to physical gestures to communicate. Autistic children may also quit early social behaviors such as responding to their own name or looking at caregivers’ faces.

Older autistic people are able to communicate their experiences with burnout in a way toddlers can’t. Adults have reported symptoms such as:

There are no diagnostic criteria for how many skills need to be lost in order to qualify as autistic burnout. The severity and duration of symptoms can vary widely between individuals. One individual can even have varying levels of burnout at different points in life.

Why Does Autistic Burnout Happen?

Like other types of overwhelm, autistic burnout occurs when life’s challenges exceed a person’s resources. Perhaps a person is undergoing a stressful life transition or they may have been pushing themselves too hard for too long. Regardless, the coping mechanisms they had been using are no longer enough. Certain skills and abilities “shut down” temporarily as the brain recovers. The brain may take a while to remember these skills as the person adapts to their new situation.

Research into autistic burnout is still a relatively new field, so science has not found a definite answer as to why autistic brains react this way. One theory is that autistic people tend to have high levels of neuroplasticity. In other words, autistic brains may find it very easy to create new connections between nerve cells. Neuroplasticity may contribute to some autistic people’s exceptional problem-solving abilities. However, the brain may sometimes redirect its resources away from certain skills as it develops new solutions to problems, taking those abilities temporarily “offline”.

It is important to note that autistic burnout is not a conscious behavior. An autistic individual is not ignoring social norms or neglecting work simply because they are tired. They cannot “willpower” their way back to their old level of functioning. In fact, autistic burnout is often caused by people working too hard to appear “normal”.

Masking

Although public understanding of autism has improved in the last few decades, the autistic community still experiences severe stigma. Much of modern media persists in depicting autistic people as “emotionless”, “self-absorbed”, and other stereotypes. Furthermore, autistic children are at higher risk of being victims of filicide, or murder by their parents. Yet when these crimes come to light, news outlets may depict the murders as “caregivers forced into a desperate situation” and their victims as “burdens” (assuming the victims are discussed at all).

Many autistic people are taught from a young age that they must “mask” their autism in order to be accepted in society.Many autistic people are taught from a young age that they must “mask” their autism in order to be accepted in society. For example, parents may insist that a child must hug their relatives in order to show affection, even if the pressure from hugs is painful to them. If the child resists, they might be accused of being “stubborn” or “selfish.” The parents and relatives may refuse to try alternative greetings such as high-fives. The child then learns their own needs are less important than others’ social preferences.

Masking often takes an exceptional amount of cognitive and emotional energy. Some autistic people consciously monitor their body language and tone of voice as they talk. Others become hypervigilant for signs that they have accidentally upset someone. For some autistic people, even being in a bright, loud, or crowded place can be draining.

Some people become so good at masking that their autism diagnosis is rescinded, and they lose necessary support. Others are not diagnosed at all and do not learn about their autism until they burn out. As people age, their stamina may wane, reducing their ability to mask for long stretches of time and making burnout more likely.

Myth of Sudden Autistic Regression

Autistic burnout is sometimes called autistic regression, especially when referring to infants and toddlers. An estimated 30% of autistic toddlers will experience regression, likely because their brains are developing so rapidly and are thus under a lot of strain. Some people have mistakenly blamed vaccines for causing regression in toddlers. However, regression often begins in the first year of life, before the child is given vaccines.

Multiple studies show children often exhibit signs of autistic burnout long before the parents first notice them. For example, an infant might show signs of social regression, such as a lack of eye contact. The parents might not notice these signs because they are intermittent or subtle. Often the parents don’t realize there is cause for concern until the child shows difficulties with language. The symptoms of burnout may seem sudden to parents, but they are actually part of a gradual progression.

Toddlers who experience autistic burnout are more likely to have a co-occurring intellectual disability. However, people who experience burnout in early childhood can also grow up to have average or even exceptional IQs. Just because a child has had a disruption in their development does not mean they have lost these skills forever.

Recovering from Autistic Burnout

There is limited research on recovery from autistic burnout. An autistic person’s abilities will often come back, but some skills may take longer to return than others. Some skills may not return to the level they were at before.

A person’s prognosis depends on a lot of factors. For example, a teenager who experiences burnout due to a temporary stressor may have briefer, milder symptoms than a middle-aged person who has forced themself to mask for over 30 years. People who push themselves to the point of burnout year after year are likely to have more severe skill loss than those who have a one-time episode and get immediate support.

If you are a caregiver of an autistic child, it is highly recommended that you visit a child psychologist. Early therapeutic interventions can improve a child’s long-term abilities to communicate and cope with stress. A mental health professional can also help you create a home environment that matches your child’s sensory needs. You may also wish to see a family therapist to discuss any concerns you may have about the future.

If you are an adult experiencing autistic burnout, you may benefit from individual therapy. A therapist can help you advocate for your needs with coworkers, friends, and family members. A therapist can also teach you meditation and other coping skills for stress. If you have clinical anxiety or depression (many autistic people do), therapy can treat those diagnoses.

While recovering from autistic burnout, it is important to be patient with yourself. It can be frustrating to lose access to skills, but remember that this is not your fault. During this time, it may help to schedule breaks throughout the day to relax. If you have a special interest or stim that calms you down, feel free to use those as much as you need to. Don’t be afraid to ask friends and family for help as you are recovering.

References:

  1. ASAN anti-filicide toolkit [PDF]. (2019). Autistic Self-Advocacy Network. Retrieved from http://autisticadvocacy.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/ASAN-Anti-Filicide-Toolkit-Complete.pdf
  2. Backer, N. (2015). Developmental regression in autism spectrum disorder. Sudanese Journal of Paediatrics, 15(1), 21-26. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4949854
  3. Barton, J. (2019). Autistic burnout or regression: Individuals on the autism spectrum [PDF]. Retrieved from https://www.scsha.net/assets/handouts/Austic%20burnout_SCSLHA_2019.pdf
  4. Dobbs, D. (2017, August 2). Rethinking regression in autism. Spectrum. Retrieved from https://www.spectrumnews.org/features/deep-dive/rethinking-regression-autism
  5. Kim, C. (2013, December 19). Autistic regression and fluid adaptation. Retrieved from https://musingsofanaspie.com/2013/12/19/autistic-regression-and-fluid-adaptation
  6. Roberts, W., & Harford, M. (2002). Immunization and children at risk for autism. Paediatrics Child Health, 7(9), 623-632. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2796520
  7. Ruggieri, V. L., & Arberas, C. L. (2018). Autistic regression: Clinical and aetiological aspects. Revista de Neurologia, 66(1), 17-23. Retrieved from https://europepmc.org/abstract/med/29516448

A woman's eyes reflected in her rear view mirror while drivingAntisocial personality (ASPD) is one of the cluster B personality disorders, which typically involve emotional, impulsive, or dramatic thoughts and actions. This group of personality disorders is also significant because it includes borderline personality disorder (BPD) and narcissistic personality disorder, in addition to ASPD. These issues, and personality disorders in general, are among the most stigmatized mental health conditions.

Colloquially, many people use the terms psychopath and sociopath interchangeably with antisocial personality. A common assumption is that all people who have ASPD are incapable of emotion and feeling and will eventually commit violent crimes and harm others. It’s true many people living with ASPD typically don’t feel remorse or guilt. They may also lack empathy, struggle to understand the emotions of other people, or experience frequent legal issues, due to a tendency toward impulsive and often dangerous or illegal actions.

But sociopathy isn’t a mental health diagnosis, and not every person with ASPD will hurt other people or engage in violent acts. It’s possible for people who have ASPD to avoid actions that could harm others, especially when they have support from a compassionate therapist. In therapy, people can develop interpersonal skills along with coping techniques for impulsivity and aggression. These tools can benefit people who want to improve relationships and avoid illegal or dangerous activities and behaviors that harm others.

It’s possible for people who have ASPD to avoid actions that could harm others, especially when they have support from a compassionate therapist.

How Common Is ASPD?

The estimated prevalence of ASPD may vary depending on the study and criteria used. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), between around 0.2 and 3.3% of the population has ASPD in a given 12-month period. This condition is only diagnosed in people over the age of 18.

More than 90% of people diagnosed with ASPD also live with another mental health issue. Substance abuse is the most common co-occurring condition. Research suggests ASPD occurs much more frequently in men diagnosed with alcohol use disorder. Higher prevalence is also seen in prison settings, as well as population samples from impoverished areas. Other common co-occurring issues are anxiety and depression.

Though ASPD is far less common in women than it is in men, some research has suggested when ASPD develops in women, the condition may become more severe. Women living with ASPD are even more likely to abuse substances than men living with ASPD. However, research also indicates antisocial behavior may persist longer in men. Men who have ASPD also have an increased risk of early death.

Aggressive and violent behavior in childhood, such as that seen with conduct disorder, can be an indicator for ASPD. Not all children who have conduct disorder will go on to develop ASPD, but a history of conduct disorder is one of the diagnostic criteria for ASPD. These symptoms must appear before the age of 15. Parental neglect, abuse, or inconsistency and a lack of stability from primary caregivers can all increase the risk that a child with conduct disorder will develop ASPD.

Asocial vs Antisocial

It’s not uncommon to hear antisocial used to refer to people who prefer to be on their own and avoid spending a lot of time with others. But “asocial” is a more accurate way to define this lack of interest in social interaction. Asocial can describe a general disinterest in society and engagement with others, but it doesn’t indicate a person harbors any ill will or negative intent toward others.

Antisocial, on the other hand, goes beyond a general dislike or avoidance of society and community. People who meet criteria for a diagnosis of ASPD typically feel hostile toward other people. Even those who don’t have actively hostile feelings toward others may care very little for the safety, general well-being, and feelings of most other people. It’s also not uncommon for people who have antisocial traits to have significant disregard for their own safety.

It’s important to note that these feelings don’t necessarily translate to violent tendencies. Studies of people in prison do reveal high rates of ASPD, but this condition occurs on a spectrum, and not everyone living with the condition becomes violent or dangerous. Research has also observed that some people who display antisocial traits may have developed these behaviors in order to survive and protect themselves when growing up in difficult circumstances.

Many people use psychopathy as a synonym for ASPD, but this usage isn’t accurate. Psychopathy can best be considered a severe form of ASPD, rather than the most characteristic presentation of the condition. Most people who meet criteria for psychopathy according to the Psychopathy Checklist – Revised (PCL – R) do also meet criteria for ASPD. But only about 10% of people diagnosed with ASPD also meet criteria for psychopathy.

What Is Antisocial Personality Disorder?

At the core of ASPD lies a consistent lack of regard for the rights of others, which generally includes impulsive, irresponsible, and reckless behavior. People may take action without considering potential consequences and experience little or no remorse for harm caused by their behavior. Theft, manipulation, and other deceit are common, and people living with ASPD also tend to rationalize or minimize their actions.

Antisocial behavior can include violent or criminal acts, but people living with ASPD aren’t always aggressive or violent. Similarly, while many people with ASPD lack empathy, this isn’t always the case. People living with ASPD often struggle to develop or maintain meaningful relationships, and they may cause emotional harm to their partners; but it’s still possible for people with ASPD to feel love and empathy, often for a select few people such as children, partners, or close family members.

Abuse, neglect, or absent caregivers can increase risk for ASPD when other factors are present, particularly early onset conduct disorder. In people who develop ASPD, early childhood mistreatment can reinforce the belief that no one else will look out for them, so they should do whatever they can to look after themselves and get their needs met. This belief commonly occurs with ASPD.

In recent years, a few people with ASPD have written about their experience living with the condition. This may have had a small effect on the stigma surrounding the condition, but many people still struggle to accept that ASPD doesn’t always mean a person is violent or “evil.” The stigma associated with personality disorders, ASPD in particular, may make it even more difficult for people who want to improve to get the help they need. Negative attitudes from caregivers and educators may begin early on, often when children first display signs of conduct disorder.

The stigma associated with personality disorders, ASPD in particular, may make it even more difficult for people who want to improve to get the help they need.One study of 202 kindergarten teachers found teachers were most likely to have a harsh response toward aggressive children. But negative attitudes, or writing children off as troublemakers or delinquents, can reinforce ideas such as, “I’m bad,” “I’ll never amount to anything,” or “No one cares what happens to me,” from early childhood. Some experts believe this can increase the chances aggressive behavior and disregard for others will continue and worsen.

Treatment for Antisocial Personality Disorder

Not everyone considers ASPD a mental health issue. Research has shown that many people believe people with this condition are:

Having a mental health issue doesn’t absolve a person of responsibility for their actions, but it’s an important factor in understanding why some people behave the way they do. When stigma perpetuates the idea of a group of people as evil, positive change becomes even more difficult to achieve.

Specific characteristics associated with ASPD, such as self-sufficiency, a tendency to externalize problems, disdain for authority, and general hostility, also make it less likely people with ASPD will ever reach out for help, complicating treatment and decreasing the chance of improvement.

When people with ASPD do enter treatment, it’s more often to get help for a co-occurring condition or because a legal authority or family member has steered them toward therapy. Among those who do get help, many drop out of treatment early. Negative attitudes among therapists or ineffective treatment methods can contribute to this.

It’s important for people with ASPD to work with therapists who offer compassionate support and are willing to try a range of approaches to find the most effective treatment. In many cases, people with antisocial traits can learn skills to cope with their condition and avoid acting in ways that negatively affect others. When people with a dual diagnosis seek treatment, it’s essential for therapists to recognize the ways ASPD can contribute to and worsen other mental health symptoms.

A key factor in successful therapy for ASPD is recognizing individual fault. People living with ASPD who can’t admit or accept their actions are harmful or that they have a role in the harm they’ve caused may not be able to improve. One approach to treatment that’s shown some promise is mentalization-based therapy. This approach helps people explore their state of mind, including emotions, desires, and feelings toward others. Once they better understand their thoughts, they can use this understanding to address impulses and control them.

Some research suggests schema therapy, an approach that helps people work to identify and address maladaptive behavior patterns and develop more effective ways of relating, may also be helpful for people with ASPD. It’s effective for other personality disorders, including BPD and narcissistic personality, and some research suggests people are less likely to drop out of this type of therapy than other approaches.

Research has shown treatment can help improve many of the behaviors associated with ASPD when a person is willing to work toward change. It’s important for future research to continue exploring the most helpful types of treatment for ASPD to increase the chances of people with the condition improving with treatment. Successful treatment can not only improve well-being and quality of life for people with ASPD, it can also have a positive impact on the people in their lives.

If you or a loved one is struggling with the effects of ASPD, know that help is available. Begin your search for a trained, compassionate counselor at GoodTherapy.

References:

  1. American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fifth edition. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association.
  2. Antisocial personality disorder. (2017, November 20). Cleveland Clinic. Retrieved from https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9657-antisocial-personality-disorder
  3. Antisocial personality disorder. (2018, May 25). NHS. Retrieved from https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/antisocial-personality-disorder
  4. Arbeau, K. A., & Coplan, R. J. (2007). Kindergarten teachers’ beliefs and responses to hypothetical prosocial, asocial, and antisocial children. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 53(2), 291-318. doi: 10.1353/mpq.2007.0007
  5. Brians, P. (2016, May 17). Asocial. Retrieved from https://brians.wsu.edu/2016/05/17/asocial
  6. Brill, A. (2017, June 16). Life with antisocial personality disorder (ASPD). Retrieved from https://www.mind.org.uk/information-support/your-stories/life-with-antisocial-personality-disorder-aspd/#.XMY0wJNKjOT
  7. British Psychological Society. (2010). Antisocial personality disorder: Treatment, management, and prevention. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK55333
  8. Hesse, M. (2010). What should be done with antisocial personality disorder in the new edition of the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-V)? BMC Medicine, 8, 66. doi: 10.1186/1741-7015-8-66
  9. Mayo Clinic Staff. (2017, August 4). Antisocial personality disorder. Retrieved from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/antisocial-personality-disorder/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353934
  10. Sheehan, L., Nieweglowski, K., & Corrigan, P. (2016, January 16). The stigma of personality disorders. Current Psychiatry Reports, 18, 11. doi: 10.1007/s11920-015-0654-1

Man sitting on windowsill with cup of tea, looking out windowDrug abuse is a serious health concern. Overdose-related deaths in the United States have reached epidemic level. In fact, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimate an average of 130 people die from opioid overdose each day. This number doesn’t take into account deaths related to other drugs, which may increase this number.

Any drug use can become dangerous. Marijuana, now legal for medicinal and recreational use in many states, may help relieve pain, chemotherapy side effects, and symptoms of mental health concerns such as anxiety and posttraumatic stress. Research has also suggested marijuana may help treat addiction in some people. But despite these potential benefits, it can become addictive and could have health effects such as short-term memory impairment, impaired brain function, and respiratory health issues, among others.

Recreational use of illegal substances, even short-term use, can have serious health effects, including anxiety, paranoia, depression, suicidal thoughts, hallucinations, nausea, increased heart rate and blood pressure, and more. There’s also a risk of death due to overdose or complications. Long-term use of certain drugs could increase risk of violent behavior and may lead to legal trouble. Abusing drugs can also lead to drug dependency, or addiction.

Rehab can help people who’ve reached their absolute low work to overcome addiction, but it can also help people begin to break free of addiction before it significantly impacts their lives.

If you’re experiencing addiction, you’re not alone. According to statistics from the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, more than 20 million Americans experienced a substance abuse disorder in 2014. Addiction can be difficult to overcome, no matter how hard a person tries. Professional support, in the form of inpatient or outpatient drug rehab, can benefit many people living with drug addiction.

Myths about drug rehab are plentiful. If you’re considering rehab for yourself or a loved one, making sure you have all the facts will help you make a more informed decision. Here, we present five common myths about drug rehab and the facts to counter them.

Drug Rehab Myths and Facts

Myth: Only wealthy people go to rehab.
Fact: Anyone can go to rehab.

It’s true that drug rehab can become expensive. Some people may not even consider inpatient rehab an option, believing it to be out of their budget. But the cost of drug rehab can depend on a number of factors, and there are rehab options for a range of budgets. See our article here for a more detailed explanation of rehab costs.

Some drug rehab centers offer low-cost or sliding-scale fees, based on your income. According to the 2012 National Survey of Substance Abuse, 62% of rehab facilities charge based on a sliding scale. Facilities may also offer payment programs or other types of financial assistance to people in need. Many drug rehab centers accept insurance, though not all insurance providers cover rehab.

When considering rehab, talk to your insurance provider and the rehab facility you’re interested in to get a better idea of the cost involved. Some centers may be able to work with you or refer you to another quality center that is more affordable. If the cost of inpatient rehab is a barrier, you might also consider outpatient drug rehab programs.

Myth: Rehab is for when you hit “rock bottom.”
Fact: You can begin recovering from addiction at any time.

Many people go to rehab when no other treatment option has worked. Often, they’ve lived with addiction for many years. Rehab can help people who’ve reached their absolute low work to overcome addiction, but it can also help people begin to break free of addiction before it significantly impacts their lives. Research suggests early intervention helps improve treatment outcomes.

Addiction not only contributes to emotional and physical health concerns, it can also lead to homelessness, unemployment, debt, and breakup or divorce. Choosing to enter rehab when you first find yourself becoming dependent on substances can help you begin the recovery process before addiction can have more of an effect on your life.

Myth: Rehab is only for people who can’t quit on their own.
Fact: Anyone experiencing addiction can get help in rehab.

The idea that addiction only happens to weak or flawed people is widespread. It might seem logical: Many people experiment with drugs, but not everyone becomes addicted. But drug abuse alters brain chemistry and affects cognitive function, leading to cravings for the substance and eventually addiction. Certain factors, including genetics, can increase a person’s risk for addiction.

Although a person might choose to try drugs, they don’t choose to become addicted. Once addicted, many people can’t stop using drugs without professional help. Needing rehab isn’t a sign of weakness. Changes in the brain resulting from addiction can make it extremely challenging, if not impossible, to stop using drugs without the support of health care providers trained in addiction support.

Whether you’ve tried to stop using drugs and relapsed or are just beginning to realize you may have a problem with substance abuse, rehab can help you begin recovery.

Myth: Rehab will prevent a person from relapsing.
Fact: Relapse is common, but treatment can help reduce its impact.

Between 40 and 60% of people dealing with addiction will relapse, according to the National Institute on Drug Abuse. While rehab may help reduce your risk of relapse, completing a drug rehab program doesn’t guarantee you’ll never relapse.

But rehab still has benefit. Research shows rehab can help by helping you develop skills to resist cravings, making relapse less likely. If you do relapse, the length of the relapse may be shorter. People who participate in treatment programs such as rehab also tend to relapse fewer times than people who don’t. Rehab can also lead to improvements in your relationships with friends, family, and loved ones. Developing stronger bonds with people you care for can also decrease the likelihood of relapse.

Myth: Rehab doesn’t work if you force someone to go.
Fact: Rehab can work even if you don’t want treatment.

Some people choose to enter rehab on their own, but some people experiencing addiction may not see its effects on their life, or they may not believe they have a problem with substance abuse. They may only decide to enter rehab grudgingly, after a court order or intervention from loved ones.

Being issued an ultimatum or feeling otherwise “forced” into rehab could make some people resistant to treatment, at first. According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse, however, people who feel pressured to overcome addiction in order to maintain an important relationship or avoid criminal charges, for example, often do better in treatment, even though they didn’t choose to enter rehab on their own.

Substance abuse and addiction can have serious, lifelong consequences. But there is help. Drug rehab may seem like an extreme measure, but this is partially due to the many myths surrounding rehab treatment.

Numerous studies support the benefits of rehab for addiction recovery. Inpatient centers provide a safe place to begin the detox and recovery process at any stage of addiction. Some facilities are expensive, but it’s possible to find affordable centers that will work with you to find a treatment program that’s right for your needs and your budget.

Don’t let myths about drug rehab keep you from getting addiction recovery support. Compassionate care is available! Begin your search today at GoodTherapy. Recovery may be a lifelong journey, but you are not alone.

References:

  1. American Addiction Centers. (2019, February 14). How much does rehab cost? Retrieved from https://americanaddictioncenters.org/alcohol-rehab/cost
  2. American Addiction Centers. (2018, October 15). Rehab success rates and statistics. Retrieved from https://americanaddictioncenters.org/rehab-guide/success-rates-and-statistics
  3. Blending perspectives and building common ground. Myths and facts about addiction treatment. (1999, April 1). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved from https://aspe.hhs.gov/report/blending-perspectives-and-building-common-ground/myths-and-facts-about-addiction-and-treatment
  4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2018, December 19). Understanding the epidemic. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/epidemic/index.html
  5. Leshner, A. I. (n.d.). Exploring myths about drug abuse. National Institute on Drug Abuse. Retrieved from https://archives.drugabuse.gov/exploring-myths-about-drug-abuse
  6. Mayo Clinic. (2017, July 20). Intervention: Help a loved one overcome addiction. Retrieved from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mental-illness/in-depth/intervention/art-20047451
  7. Mayo Clinic. (2017, October 26). Drug addiction (substance use disorder). Retrieved from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/drug-addiction/symptoms-causes/syc-20365112
  8. National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine. (2017). The health effects of cannabis and cannabinoids: The current state of evidence and recommendations for research. Retrieved from http://nationalacademies.org/hmd/reports/2017/health-effects-of-cannabis-and-cannabinoids.aspx
  9. National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2018). Drugs, brains, and behavior: The science of addiction. Retrieved from https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugs-brains-behavior-science-addiction/treatment-recovery
  10. National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2018). Is marijuana addictive? Retrieved from https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/research-reports/marijuana/marijuana-addictive
  11. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2015). Behavioral health trends in the United States: Results from the 2014 national survey on drug use and health. Retrieved from https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/NSDUH-FRR1-2014/NSDUH-FRR1-2014.pdf
  12. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2016). Early intervention, treatment, and management of substance use disorders. In Facing addiction in America: The surgeon general’s report on alcohol, drugs, and health [Internet]. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK424859
  13. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2019, January 30). Mental health and substance use disorders. Retrieved from https://www.samhsa.gov/find-help/disorders
  14. Walsh, Z., Gonzalez, R., Crosby, K., Thiessena, M. S., Carrolla, C., & Bonn-Miller, M. O. (2017). Medical cannabis and mental health: A guided systematic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 51, 15-29. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272735816300939?via%3Dihub
  15. Weber, L. (2015, July 11). How much does inpatient rehab cost? Retrieved from https://addictionblog.org/rehab/inpatient-rehab/how-much-does-inpatient-rehab-cost

Silhouette of a hand and rose before a sunset.Losing your virginity can be a rite of passage signaling a transition from childhood to adulthood. For some people, having sex for the first time is an act of committed love. For others, the loss of virginity is a path to greater sexual pleasure and personal fulfillment. In a sex-saturated culture in which everyone is expected to have and enjoy sex, virginity may be stigmatized—especially for adults.

Virginity is a cultural construct. It means different things in different societies, and its definition has shifted with time. Most studies and many people define loss of virginity as having penile-vaginal intercourse for the first time. Yet this is a heteronormative definition of sex that excludes many sex acts.

Virginity is not a medical term. You cannot tell if someone is a virgin by looking at their hymen, penis, or other genitalia. Since there are many definitions of sex, there is no single, clinical definition of a virgin. The very notion of virginity or virginity stigma depends on a social construct, not a biological one.

The Stigma of the V-Card

Virginity comes in many forms. Some virgins may be eager to have sex, but unable to find the right partner. Others may be comfortable waiting, while quietly worrying that their inexperience means something is wrong with them. Some people remain virgins because of a lack of interest in sex. Asexual and aromantic people may face both virginity stigma and sexual minority stigma.

Some examples of virginity stigma include:

Virginity stigma is often gendered. Traditional notions of masculinity demand boys and men be very sexually active. Men who are unable or unwilling to conform to this norm may feel ashamed and self-conscious. Some men may engage in aggressive sexual behavior in an attempt to get partners to have sex with them.

Women often face conflicting pressures around sex. Some religions prize virginity in women. Some cultures and families even demand virginity, using virginity pledges and virginity balls as a way to encourage girls and women to abstain from sex. Yet women may also feel pressure to hew to their romantic partner’s desires and face criticism for putting up boundaries. Women who are interested in sex may feel ashamed of their desires, while others may be pressured into sex before they are ready.

More People Are Making Their Sexual Debut as Adults

When you’re anxious about still being a virgin, it can feel like everyone else is having sex. Media depictions of rampant sexual activity don’t help. Yet research actually shows that more people are remaining virgins for longer.

The average age of loss of virginity is around 17 years old for both males and females. However, fewer high school students are having sex. In 2007, 47.8% of high schoolers had had sex. By 2017, the figure had dropped to 39.5%. Research published in 2005 found that, among adults age 25-44, 97% of men and 98% of women have had vaginal intercourse. Research published in 2013 found 1 to 2% of adults remain virgins into their forties.

Most people assume others are having more sex and are more sexually experienced than they are, which is usually not the case.Young people today have less sex than the youth of two previous generations. A 2017 study found that, on average, they have sex nine fewer times per year than young people did a generation ago. Today’s young people are also on track to have fewer sexual partners.

Rachel Keller, LCSW-C, CST, a Maryland therapist who helps individuals and couples with sex and intimacy concerns, says perceptions often do not match reality.

“Most people assume others are having more sex and are more sexually experienced than they are, which is usually not the case. Young men in particular tend to assume that everyone else has had sex but them. They feel ashamed and wonder how they can possibly tell a future partner that they are a virgin. Once they finally have the conversation, they realize it’s not nearly as big of a deal as they thought. Being confident in who you are, open-minded, and generous are more important in creating a positive sexual relationship than the amount of experience you have,” she explains.

Some people may feel so ashamed of their sexual inexperience that they lie about their sexual history. This can actually compound stigma by contributing to the illusion that people are having more sex than they actually are. Additionally, anxiety about sex can make a person’s loss of virginity stressful and less pleasurable than it might otherwise be.

When people feel ashamed of their perceived inexperience, they may feel uncomfortable communicating with partners about their sexual history, preferences, or needs. This can make sex less enjoyable.

How Therapy Can Help With Virginity Stigma

Virginity is not a psychological problem. There is no “normal” age at which to have sex or appropriate amount of sex to have. Yet misleading and conflicting social norms about sex can lead to a toxic stew of self-doubt, sexual shame, mistaken notions about sexuality, and relationship frustration.

Therapy can help people navigate these complex issues. A therapist can work with a person to identify and understand their own values and sexual goals. For example, a person raised in a family that demanded virginity might interrogate this norm, then decide whether they wish to embrace or reject it.

A couples counselor can help couples who struggle with virginity stigma. For example, a couple who waits until marriage to have sex may need support to talk about sex and feel comfortable losing their virginity. Or a couple in which only one partner is a virgin may need to master sexual communication to reduce shame around virginity.

Some other ways a therapist can help include:

Therapy can play a key role in helping sexually inexperienced people prepare for a healthy sexual relationship. When a person does not want to have sex at all, therapy can support them in embracing that identity and pushing back against stigma.

You can find a therapist here.

References:

  1. FAQs and sex information. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://kinseyinstitute.org/research/faq.php
  2. Fewer U.S. high school students having sex, using drugs. (2018, June 14). Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2018/p0614-yrbs.html
  3. Haydon, A. A., Cheng, M. M., Herring, A. H., McRee, A., & Halpern, C. T. (2013). Prevalence and predictors of sexual inexperience in adulthood. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 43(2), 221-230. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3947171
  4. No such thing as virginity, author says. (2010, August 3). Retrieved from https://www.today.com/popculture/no-such-thing-virginity-author-says-wbna30353377
  5. Twenge, J. M., Sherman, R. A., & Wells, B. E. (2017). Declines in sexual frequency among American adults, 1989-2014. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 46(8), 2389-2401. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28265779
  6. Virginity and the hymen myth. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.justthefacts.co.nz/about-your-sexual-body/about-virginity-hymen-myths

A woman stands alone on a frozen lake.Sexual assault refers to a variety of crimes that use sex as a weapon. Sexual assault could include rape, incest, child molestation, groping strangers on the street, and other illegal acts.

People who survive sexual assault can experience mental health difficulties that last for years. Stigma can compound the pain of sexual assault, as a fear of stigma may deter survivors from seeking help or reaching out to others.

Myths about sexual assault hurt survivors. They can promote a social climate that makes sexual assault seem acceptable and defensible.

These 12 myths are among the most prevalent.

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Myth #1: Rape, molestation, and sexual assault are rare, or they only happen to a certain type of person.

Fact: Sexual assault is very common and can happen to anyone.

All forms of sexual assault are more prevalent among women, girls, and transgender or nonbinary people. But men and boys are frequently assaulted too. Sexual assault is a widespread problem. Consider the following:

Myth #2: If a person didn’t verbally say no, it doesn’t count as rape.

Fact: Consent is not the absence of a ‘no.’ It is the presence of an informed and freely given ‘yes.’

An analogy to other crimes may help explain why the absence of “no” is not enough. Consider a carjacker who steals another person’s car at gunpoint. The theft victim doesn’t feel safe saying no, so they may “willingly” give up the car. Likewise, a thief who breaks into a house and takes a family’s possessions couldn’t reasonably argue the family consented to the theft because they didn’t verbally decline.

Rape and other forms of sexual assault are no different. This is why many advocacy organizations now talk about “affirmative consent” and “yes means yes.” Sex is not a presumptive right that can only be taken away with a “no.” It’s something a person must ask and receive permission for.

Multiple factors can make it difficult for a person to say no. These include:

Myth #3: Only vaginal penetration counts as sexual assault.

Fact: Any forced or coerced sexual activity can be sexual assault.

Sexual assault refers to a broad group of crimes. Rape is just one type of sexual assault. Other forms of sexual assault include:

Rape does not require vaginal penetration. Most sexual assault advocates urge victims and survivors of rape to weigh their own experiences rather than relying on a single definition. This is because state laws, federal definitions, and medical definitions vary.

Generally, penetration or attempted penetration of any orifice counts as rape. Rape might involve forced anal or oral penetration. Rape could also include forcing a person to penetrate another person. Forced or coerced sexual contact with a person’s genitals is also rape.

Myth #4: A person can prevent sexual assault with certain behavior, such as avoiding strangers or never walking home alone.

Fact: People are more likely to be assaulted by people they know. The only way to prevent sexual assault is for perpetrators to stop assaulting people.

No data has found a link between any specific behavior and a reduced risk of rape or sexual assault. RAINN estimates that seven in 10 rapes are committed by someone known to the victim. Among child sexual abuse victims, abuse often occurs at the hands of a parent or family member.

The University of Kansas recently held an art exhibition called “What were you wearing?” The exhibit displayed the clothes people were wearing when they were raped. It aimed to dispel the myth that clothing—particularly “sexy” clothing—can trigger rape. A Teen Vogue photo spread also features clothing worn during a sexual assault.

Myth #5: It’s not sexual assault or rape if the assailant and victim are already in a relationship.

Fact: No one has a right to sex. Romantic status and prior consent do not erase the need for current consent.

A person who borrowed money from a friend would not expect to have unfettered access to that friend’s bank account. Nor would a person in a relationship believe that they have a right to everything their partner owns. The right to sex is no different. Consent must be freely given, and it can be taken away at any time—even if a person has previously consented to sex.

Consent must be freely given, and it can be taken away at any time. Someone may also remove consent during a sexual act. Everyone has a right to control their bodies and to avoid unwanted touch or penetration. If the other person doesn’t stop, it’s rape. (When the assailant and victim have a prior romantic relationship, it is called date rape.)

Legal definitions of rape vary. The law changes as social norms shift. Legal standards are not the final word on what is or is not rape. Nor do they determine how someone should feel about an abusive sexual act.

Nevertheless, marital rape has been banned in all 50 states since 1993. Married partners can be prosecuted for forced or coerced sex. Likewise, no state gives a person the right to have sex with someone they’ve had sex with before or with whom they are currently in a relationship.

Myth #6: Boys and men can’t be raped, and women can’t be perpetrators.

Fact: Boys and men can be raped, and women can be rapists.

Women and girls are more likely to experience rape and other forms of sexual assault than men and boys. Indeed, many analysts argue the threat of sexual assault is a way of controlling women. Yet sexual assault is also common among men and boys.

The CDC reports 1 in 6 men experience sexual violence during their lives. 1.7 million men have been raped. Certain groups of men are more likely to experience sexual violence. Those include:

Most research suggests male survivors are typically victimized by other men. Yet a 2017 data analysis suggests 28% of male survivors are raped by women alone—not women acting with other men.

A person does not have to penetrate another person for it to be rape. Women can overpower men and force them to have sex. They can use coercive methods, power imbalances, and weapons to extract sex. Women may also use so-called date rape drugs, including alcohol.

Data on male rape survivors is mixed and often contradictory. This is due in part to the stigma associated with being a man who has been raped. Some men worry that being raped makes them gay, weak, or less of a man. Stigma can prevent male survivors from seeking necessary help.

Myth #8: False rape and sexual assault reports are common.

Fact: Fear of negative attention and stigma causes people to under-report sexual assault.

Most data suggest false reports of sexual assault are rare. The rate of false reporting for sexual assault is similar to, or lower than, false reports of other crimes.

Further complicating matters is the fact that rape stigma may cause a report to be labeled false when it is merely unsubstantiated. If the assailant and victim’s testimonies clash, and there is no other evidence available, a police officer may assume any sexual activity was consensual and mark the report as false. Due to a backlog of rape kits across the nation, producing physical evidence can be difficult.

People who are raped or sexually assaulted may feel embarrassment or shame. These feelings can make a person reluctant to report the crime. Thus, many sexual assaults go unreported. According to RAINN, out of every 1,000 rapes:

In other words, less than 6% of rapes result in an arrest. Only 0.006% of rape survivors see their rapist incarcerated.

Myth #9: People claim they were sexually assaulted for attention, money, or other personal gain.

Fact: Most people who report a sexual assault face a wide range of personal consequences.

There’s little social status to be gained from reporting a sexual assault, especially one that didn’t happen. At every level of reporting, a survivor often encounters skepticism, victim-blaming, and rape myths. A survivor who sees their rapist prosecuted may have to answer intrusive questions about their sexual history or deal with badgering from a defense attorney. They may also have to cope with public fallout and scrutiny.

People who tell only friends and family about a sexual assault can also experience a lot of fallout. This may include:

These reactions can damage a person’s self-esteem and isolate them from a community. Without social support, a person’s trauma may take longer to heal.

Myth #10: It is impossible to get pregnant from rape.

Fact: A woman is just as likely to get pregnant from rape as she is from consensual intercourse.

Data on rape-related pregnancy rates are limited. This is because many women do not report their rapes. Some may feel that a non-consensual sexual experience “doesn’t count” as rape.

As with consensual intercourse, the odds of getting pregnant depend on many factors, including:

A 1996 study of American women estimated 32,101 pregnancies result from rape each year. For Americans, the overall pregnancy rate among rape victims was 5%. Meanwhile, a 1998 study of Ethiopian teens who were raped found a pregnancy rate of 17%.

Myth #10: If a rape really happened, the victim would report it immediately.

Fact: Victims delay reporting for many reasons.

It can take many years for a victim to come to terms with their experience. Some do not want to accept that they were raped by a family member or loved one. Others fear personal or professional repercussions. In some cases, the rape or sexual assault occurred when the person was a child who was unable to safely report the abuse.

Sometimes a high-profile story or social movement encourages a survivor to report. For instance, women began coming forward about alleged assaults by Bill Cosby when other women shared similar stories. Standing alone, these women were often disregarded or ignored. When more than 60 women accused Cosby of assault and rape, it became more difficult to ignore them. A similar situation occurred regarding producer Harvey Weinstein.

The #metoo movement may have also encouraged some survivors to share their stories. When one person shares a story, it offers evidence that another survivor does not have to stand alone.

Myth #11: Rape has to be very violent or involve a weapon to ‘count.’

Fact: Rape can be coercive or occur under the influence of alcohol and drugs.

State laws vary, but no state requires the use of a weapon for an attack to qualify as rape. An assailant may overpower or threaten a victim. The victim could decide that fighting back is too dangerous.

Simply because a rape “could have been worse” does not mean that a rape doesn’t count. The victim may also feel so frightened that they are unable to fight back. Intense moments of stress cause some people to freeze rather than fight or flee. So victims may appear to be passive when they are really so frightened they are unable to think or move.

Some victims feel their rape was comparably less “bad” than other rapes. Simply because a rape “could have been worse” does not mean it doesn’t count. A rape without a weapon can still warrant treatment or prosecution. All forms of sexual assault can be traumatic and have consequences that may last for many decades.

Myth #12: Rape is just bad sex.

Fact: Bad sex can be disappointing, frustrating, and unpleasant. It is not traumatic. Rape is not just a variation of normal sex.

The effects of rape can be catastrophic. Victims may experience depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress (PTSD). Their relationships may suffer, particularly if loved ones do not believe or support them. They may feel humiliated and ashamed.

Some rape survivors live in fear of being raped again. This anxiety can be compounded by public scrutiny and harassment. Rape can affect a person’s career, relationships, and overall well-being.

Some victims experience physical injuries and sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Others might become pregnant. Managing these aftereffects can further compound the trauma of surviving a rape.

Therapy can support survivors recovering from sexual assault. A therapist can help someone cope with overwhelming emotions and talk to loved ones about their experiences. A therapist may also treat any mental health concerns that arose from the trauma. Therapy can be a safe place to receive support from someone who understands.

References:

  1. 2014 national street harassment report. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.stopstreetharassment.org/our-work/nationalstudy
  2. Bennice, J. A. & Ressick, P. A. (2003). Marital rape: History, research, and practice. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 4(3), 228-246. Retrieved from https://www.ncjrs.gov/App/publications/abstract.aspx?ID=201457
  3. Contrera, J. (2018, February 20). A wrenching dilemma. The Washington Post. Retrieved from ttps://www.washingtonpost.com/news/style/wp/2018/02/20/feature/decades-worth-of-rape-kits-are-finally-being-tested-no-one-can-agree-on-what-to-do-next/?utm_term=.f9f3181458f7
  4. Findings from the National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey [PDF]. (2015). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/NISVS-StateReportFactsheet.pdf
  5. Friedersdorf, C. (2016, November 28). The understudied female sexual predator. The Atlantic. Retrieved from https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2016/11/the-understudied-female-sexual-predator/503492
  6. Gilbert, S. (2018, April 27). The cost of accusing Bill Cosby. The Atlantic. Retrieved from https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2018/04/the-cost-of-accusing-bill-cosby/559073
  7. Holmes, M. M., Resnick, H. S., Kilpatrick, D. G., & Best, C. L. (1996). Rape-related pregnancy: Estimates and descriptive characteristics from a national sample of women. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 175(2), 320-325. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8765248
  8. Mulugeta, E., Kassaye, M., & Berhane, Y. (1998). Prevalence and outcomes of sexual violence among high school students. Ethiopian Medical Journal, 36(3), 167-174. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10214457
  9. False reporting overview [PDF]. (2012). National Sexual Violence Resource Center. Retrieved from https://www.nsvrc.org/sites/default/files/2012-03/Publications_NSVRC_Overview_False-Reporting.pdf
  10. Perpetrators of sexual violence: Statistics. (n.d.) RAINN. Retrieved from https://www.rainn.org/statistics/perpetrators-sexual-violence
  11. Reporting rates. (n.d.). RAINN. Retrieved from https://rainn.org/get-information/statistics/reporting-rates
  12. Romeo and Juliet laws. (n.d.) Legal Dictionary. Retrieved from https://legaldictionary.net/romeo-and-juliet-laws
  13. Scope of the problem: Statistics. (n.d.). RAINN. Retrieved from https://www.rainn.org/statistics/scope-problem
  14. Stemple, L., Flores, A., & Meyer, I. H. (2017). Sexual victimization perpetrated by women: Federal data reveal surprising prevalence. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 34, 302-311. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1359178916301446?via%3Dihub

A gavel sits in front of books and a scale. The photo has a strong blue filter.More and more Americans with mental health concerns are becoming incarcerated. This population of has reached “crisis proportions,” according to the National Alliance on Mental Health (NAMI).

Evidence shows incarceration is likely to worsen mental health symptoms. Most institutions do not have the resources to treat such a great number of people. Reduced mental health can lead to recidivism, meaning a recurrence of criminal behavior. When more people are rearrested, the population of imprisoned people stays high.

However, there are ways to reduce recidivism in these populations. People who receive mental health treatment during and after their sentences are less likely to reoffend. Alternatives to imprisonment can also reduce recidivism.

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Mental Health in the Criminal Justice System

In the United States, around 2 million people go to jail or prison each year. In general, jails are run by local forces. They hold inmates for terms of one year or less. Prisons are run by state or federal forces. They typically house prisoners for longer periods.

Many people in prisons and jails have a mental health diagnosis.

Estimates on recidivism rates vary. Most studies show offenders with diagnoses have higher recidivism rates than those without.

How Jails and Prisons Became Mental Health Facilities

The criminal justice system has not favored people with mental health concerns in the past. From straitjackets to lobotomies, history is full of inhumane attempts to manage mental health. Pervasive stigma impacted nearly every step of incarceration and treatment.

In the 1950s and 1960s, the government closed many mental institutions and psychiatric hospitals. The intent was to serve people through community resources instead. Yet a lack of funding and commitment left many states with few treatment options.

In a Stanford Law Report, Senator Darrell Steinberg and Professor David Mills write, “Although deinstitutionalization was originally understood as a humane way to offer more suitable services … in community-based settings, some politicians seized upon it as a way to save money by shutting down institutions without providing any meaningful treatment alternatives.”

Many prisons and jails are ill-equipped to provide adequate mental health care. But for some people, these facilities are where they first encounter treatment. In the 1980s, the “war on drugs” complicated matters. The government began assigning mandatory sentences for drug-related offenses. More people with substance addiction were put behind bars. Many of these people had co-occurring mental health concerns. In the last 40 years, the rate of incarceration has increased five-fold in the U.S.

People with mental health issues are more likely to be the victim of a crime than commit one. Yet research shows living with untreated conditions can be extremely damaging to individuals. An untreated condition may affect a person’s judgment and lead to criminal behavior. This likelihood increases if other large-scale stressors (poverty, abuse, etc.) are present.

Many prisons and jails are ill-equipped to provide adequate mental health care. But for some people, these facilities are where they first encounter treatment. A person may not get a diagnosis until they are already behind bars.

The Incarceration Cycle for People with Mental Health Concerns

Today’s criminal justice system treats individuals more humanely than in the past. Yet offenders with mental health concerns still face discrimination. Someone with a diagnosis is likely to get a longer, harsher sentence than a neurotypical peer convicted of the same crime. They are also less likely to be granted release.

Incarceration itself can worsen mental health. Offenders often experience a drastic drop in agency. Strict rules and isolation can exacerbate stress. An individual may develop additional mental health concerns as they adjust to the transition.

Incarceration itself can worsen mental health.The Bureau of Justice Statistics held a survey asking offenders about their mental health in the prior 30 days. Fourteen percent of state or federal prisoners reported having severe psychological distress. The rate was almost double (26%) for jail inmates.

Compromised mental health and relative isolation can promote substance abuse. Andrew Archer, LCSW explains, “American incarceration operates as a perfect recipe to perpetuate habitual patterns for individuals. Extreme isolation and societal alienation demoralize the person to the extent that often times substances are the only form of self-regulation.”

In this way, alcohol and drug addiction can spread through populations of offenders. The sale, trade, and consumption of drugs can broaden one’s criminal network. Being insulated with other offenders can also reinforce attitudes that encourage further crime.

Cell door that opens to the outside. black and white image.After years of incarceration, prisoners tend to struggle once they are released. Trey Cole, PsyD, says, “Relationally speaking, incarcerated individuals often become accustomed to the externally controlled environment (i.e. when to eat, sleep, etc.). When released, then, usually with few resources, becoming accountable to oneself and internally motivated become more difficult.”

Released offenders may find themselves without any resources or support. They may struggle to find housing or employment due to stigma. Reduced mental health can also impact one’s ability to make a living.

In other words, the factors which led a person to crime may be even stronger after release. Their ability to survive within the law may have been reduced. In this context, a person can easily be drawn into recidivism.

Compassionate Solutions for Lowering Recidivism Rates

A report by the Council of State Governments (CSG) Justice Center calls for an overhaul of the way U.S. criminal justice systems address people with mental health issues. Special attention was called to the way such people are released from jail and prison.

According to the CSG, a successful system of reentry into society would:

Some states have already begun to implement these measures. Colorado, Texas, and North Carolina have used grant money to expand mental health care and substance abuse treatment for offenders. These states also saw large drops in recidivism.

How Diversion can Reduce Recidivism

Diversion has also been shown to reduce recidivism rates in people with mental illness. Diversion is a practice of placing offenders in mental health treatment instead of prison or jail. It often takes one of two forms.

The first form is forensic hospitalization. Offenders who have been found not guilty by reason of insanity are typically sent to forensic hospitals. These facilities do confine people like prisons and jails do. Yet their aim is typically rehabilitation rather than punishment. Less than 1% of people in the criminal justice system qualify for the insanity defense.

A 2005 study found offenders released from forensic hospitals had very low recidivism rates. They were less likely to reoffend than released inmates with mental health concerns. They were also less likely to offend than inmates without a diagnosis.

It is often cheaper to send nonviolent offenders to mental health treatment than jail. The other path of diversion involves mental health courts. These courts are for offenders who have mental health concerns but don’t qualify for the insanity defense. Judges may offer defendants reduced sentences in exchange for getting treatment. In many cases, a defendant may not go to jail or prison at all.

A 2007 study found participation in mental health courts cut the risk of violent offense in half. People who had gone through mental health courts also went longer without reoffending than those who went through traditional courts.

NAMI strongly supports diversion as a more humane and cost-effective approach to incarceration. According to NAMI, the cost of jailing adults with mental health concerns is two to three times the cost of keeping other inmates. It is often cheaper to send nonviolent offenders to mental health treatment than jail.

Just as psychotherapists who practice good therapy see people as whole beings independent of any mental health issues they may have, NAMI’s compassionate justice system would see all individuals as worthy of treatment and change. This system would classify mental health concerns not as moral defects, but as results of adversity or strain. Prioritizing treatment over punishment could have lasting benefits for the criminal justice system.

References:

  1. Agnew, R. (2001). Building on the foundation of general strain theory: Specifying the types of strain most likely to lead to crime and delinquency. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 38(4), 319-361. Retrieved from http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0022427801038004001
  2. Bales, W.D., Nadel, M., Reed, C. & Blomberg, T. G. (2017). Recidivism and inmate mental illness. International Journal of Criminology and Sociology, 6(1) 40-51.
  3. Bloom, J. D., & Novosad, D. (2017). The Forensic Mental Health Services Census of forensic populations in state facilities. The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 45(4), 447-451. Retrieved from http://jaapl.org/content/45/4/447
  4. Bronson, J. & Berzofsky, M. (2017). Indicators of mental health problems reported by prisoners and jail inmates, 2011-12. Bureau of Justice Statistics. Retrieved from https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/imhprpji1112.pdf
  5. Criminals need mental health care. (2014, March 1). Scientific American. Retrieved from https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/criminals-need-mental-health-care
  6. What is the difference between jails and prisons? (n.d.). Bureau of Justice Statistics. Retrieved from https://www.bjs.gov/index.cfm?ty=qa&iid=322
  7. Lerman, A. E. (2013). The modern prison paradox: Politics, punishment, and social community. Cambridge University Press. Retrieved from https://gspp.berkeley.edu/research/selected-publications/the-modern-prison-paradox-politics-punishment-and-social-community
  8. NAMI warns senate about criminalization of mental illness; Supports Cornyn bill. (2016, February 10). NAMI. Retrieved from https://www.nami.org/Press-Media/Press-Releases/2016/NAMI-Warns-Senate-about-Criminalization-of-Mental
  9. The new asylums: Some frequently asked questions. (2005, May 10). PBS. Retrieved from https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/asylums/etc/faqs.html
  10. Reducing recidivism: States deliver results. (2017). The Council of State Governments Justice Center. Retrieved from https://csgjusticecenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Reducing-Recidivism_State-Deliver-Results_2017.pdf
  11. Steinberg, D. & Mills, D. (n.d.) When did prisons become acceptable mental health care facilities? Stanford Law School: Three Strikes Project. Retrieved from http://law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/default/files/child-page/632655/doc/slspublic/Report_v12.pdf

The camera looks over a man's shoulder as he arranges pencils to be exactly aligned.“I need to go organize my planner. I’m so OCD.”

“I’m obsessed with color-coding my pens and ordering my books by size and color. That’s my inner OCD talking.”

OCD, short for obsessive compulsive disorder, is a widely misunderstood condition. It has become synonymous with a quirky preoccupation with order. Television characters such as Monk use their apparent OCD like a superpower that helps them solve crimes, see things other people can’t, and access a superior form of consciousness. Needless to say, these stereotypes are not an accurate depiction of OCD.

Turning OCD into a joke or superpower can trivialize the lived experiences of people with the condition. OCD affects about 2% of Americans at some point during their lives. Symptoms can be a source of embarrassment and fear. They can also interfere with daily life.

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When myths drown out the voices of people with OCD, this diagnosis can be stigmatized. Jokes can be hurtful to people with OCD. They may create false expectations in family and friends. Stigma may even deter people from seeking treatment.

Top 10 Myths About OCD

So if OCD isn’t a quirk or crime-solving skill, what is it? Below are 10 common myths and the facts to debunk them.

Myth #1: OCD is a mental superpower that can make you a brilliant doctor, detective, or inventor.

Fact: OCD is not a superpower. It often gives a person racing, uncontrolled thoughts rather than superhuman logic.

In movies and television, people with OCD have laser-sharp focus on tiny details. This helps them work harder and smarter. It is true that some people with OCD focus on unusual details. This is because of the anxiety that drives OCD—not a mental superpower.

OCD involves recurring, intrusive thoughts called obsessions. These obsessions may cause someone to worry about details other people would ignore. Someone with OCD often tries to control their obsessions with mental or physical rituals (compulsions).

For instance, a parent may worry constantly about their child getting into an accident. To calm themselves down and control their thoughts, the adult performs a compulsion. This behavior could be checking door locks or rearranging toys to be exactly symmetrical.

These actions can feel irresistible. Those who try to resist compulsions may feel overwhelming panic. Intrusive thoughts may make it difficult to focus on outside tasks until the compulsion is complete. Compulsions and panic attacks can both consume a person’s time.

People with OCD can be brilliant and often thrive in various careers. Yet “genius” is not a feature of OCD. In many cases, OCD is an impediment to success for an otherwise brilliant or capable person.

Myth #2: All people with OCD obsess about cleaning.

Fact: Cleaning is just one of many OCD-related compulsions.

Many people with OCD have fears of contamination. They may worry about getting sick or exposing themselves to germs. To relieve these fears, some people with OCD compulsively wash their hands, use sanitizing sprays, or clean their homes to excess.

People with OCD engage in compulsions to reduce anxiety caused by obsessions. Not all people with OCD have obsessions about cleanliness. In fact, the DSM-5 does not even list fears of contamination as diagnostic criteria for OCD. Research from 2010 found compulsive checking, not cleaning, is the most common symptom of OCD. Among study participants, 79.3% reported having a checking compulsion at some point in their lives. Meanwhile, only 25.7% of participants reported contamination symptoms.

People with OCD may even be messy. The same 2010 study found 14.4% of people with OCD engage in compulsive hoarding. Someone who hoards collects objects without throwing anything away. A person who hoards likely has a disorganized home.

Some people with cleanliness obsessions only fear certain types of contamination. They may fear using public restrooms but be fine with a dirty car.

Likewise, not all people who fixate on cleanliness have OCD. Other diagnoses—such as mysophobia, a fear of germs—can also cause people to fixate on cleanliness. In many cases, a desire for a clean or organized space is merely a personality trait or a way to manage stress. Cleanliness often has nothing to do with OCD or any other diagnosis.

Myth #3: Someone with OCD will have the same obsessions their entire life.

Fact: The themes of OCD symptoms can change over time.

People with OCD engage in compulsions to reduce anxiety caused by obsessions. Both compulsions and obsessions can change with time.

The underlying emotions—fear and anxiety—remain the same even as symptoms shift. In most cases, a person with OCD continues to experience fears across a common theme. Age, culture, and life experiences can affect these themes.

For example, a 12-year-old with OCD may be plagued by thoughts of their parents dying. At 25, that same person may fear the loss of their spouse. The specific worry has changed, but the underlying fear (losing a loved one) has not. The compulsive behaviors used to reduce anxiety can also shift.

Myth #4: Bad parenting causes OCD.

Fact: A complex interaction of factors cause OCD. Bad parenting is rarely the cause.

Like most mental health conditions, OCD is a complex diagnosis with many potential causes. Research suggests OCD often has a strong genetic component. If a person has a parent or sibling with OCD, they are twice as likely to have OCD themselves. Environmental factors such as trauma can also contribute to obsessions and compulsions.

Typical parenting—even when it’s imperfect—does not cause OCD. Using daycare services or gentle discipline will not cause obsessions or compulsions. Parents do not need to blame themselves for their child’s OCD. Attempts to blame a parent can undermine treatment by making both the parent and child feel guilty.

While typical parenting does not cause OCD, abuse might. People with a history of trauma and neglect are more likely to be diagnosed with OCD. Therapists who treat OCD may wish to ask about a person’s experiences with abuse. When a child with OCD is living in an abusive home, treatment may require removing the child from the home.

Myth #5: OCD only shows up in privileged people who have too much time or too few problems.

Fact: OCD exists across cultures, classes, genders, and ethnicities.

OCD appears in cultures across the world (although some symptoms are more common in different nations). In the United States, OCD has roughly the same prevalence rate across ethnicities. It is slightly more common in women than men.

People with higher social classes may be more likely to be diagnosed with OCD. This is less because they are more likely to have OCD and more because they face fewer barriers to mental health care. People with less resources can experience more risk from potential stigma and thus avoid getting help.

Myth #6: If people with OCD understand their actions aren’t rational, they’ll stop doing the compulsions.

Fact: Many people with OCD already understand their actions don’t have a “logical” basis.

Compulsions are a way to temporarily alleviate anxiety. Most people with OCD realize their actions are irrational and won’t prevent a tragedy. Instead, compulsions often serve to reduce anxiety about obsessions. In other words, someone with OCD may do a compulsion because they believe it is easier than enduring their intrusive thoughts.

Many mental health conditions cause people to behave in ways that seem illogical from the outside. Pointing out that a behavior is irrational does little to help. Criticizing a person with OCD for being “irrational” may make them ashamed or self-conscious. The person may become reluctant to discuss their symptoms further. Stigma is often a barrier to mental health treatment.

Myth #7: People with OCD are nit-picky and controlling.

Fact: OCD is a mental health condition, not a personality trait.

People with OCD struggle to and control their own thoughts and emotions. Their compulsions are an outward manifestation of this struggle. A person may try to control their environment in order to do compulsions.

OCD is a mental health diagnosis. Describing OCD as a personal quirk or a joke ignores the very real needs of people with this condition.

For example, a person with OCD might rearrange furniture to address their symmetry obsession. Another person might slow down a group tour because they’re busy counting bricks. Such behaviors do not come from a desire to control others. They come from a person’s desire to control themselves.

A similar-sounding diagnosis, obsessive-compulsive personality (OCP), does manifest as a fixation on control and order. In OCP orderliness and perfectionism can become a person’s most visible traits. They may fixate on rules to the point that they do not complete tasks. People with OCP may struggle to cooperate with others who don’t share their strict standards.

People with OCD have a wide range of personalities. Some are stubborn and controlling with others. Other people with OCD are easy-going around others and strict only with themselves.

Myth #8: It’s obvious when people have OCD.

Fact: Compulsions are not always visible to others.

Not all compulsions are visible. Mental compulsions include behaviors done within one’s mind. They may include praying, counting, repeating a phrase, or avoiding specific thoughts. A person who seems distracted to others may be very focused on mental compulsions.

Even when a person’s compulsions are physical, others may not see them. People with OCD often feel ashamed of their symptoms. They may avoid doing compulsions in public, even if the delay causes intense anxiety.

Myth #9: People with OCD are dangerous.

Fact: People with OCD are not any more likely to commit crimes than anyone else.

People with OCD often have intrusive thoughts which appear seemingly without cause. Sometimes, these thoughts are about a forbidden act. For instance, a religious person may have intrusive thoughts about cussing inside a house of worship. Another person may worry about injuring a loved one.

People with OCD often feel guilt and shame for having these thoughts. Even if they have no intent of doing these actions, they may worry about “losing control.”

Yet people with OCD are no more likely than others to hurt people or commit crimes. In many cases, obsessions stem from a desire to protect others. Intrusive thoughts cause distress because they often go against deeply-held morals.

Research consistently shows people with mental health diagnoses, including OCD, are over 10 times as likely as the general population to be crime victims. People with mental health diagnoses commit only 3-5% of violent crimes. Those with OCD are only a fraction of that statistic.

Myth #10: OCD will never get better.

Fact: OCD is very treatable.

It’s true that OCD probably won’t get better on its own. People with OCD can’t think or will their way out of their feelings and compulsive actions. Yet there are many treatments that can help with both obsessions and compulsions. These include:

Some people with OCD may wish to combine multiple treatments. A mental health professional can help someone create a comprehensive treatment plan for their unique needs.

The Problem with Saying “I’m OCD” When You Know You’re Not

OCD is a mental health diagnosis. Describing OCD as a personal quirk or a joke ignores the very real needs of people with this condition. Consider some reasons not to use OCD as a joke:

What if You Think You Have OCD?

It is very difficult to accurately diagnose OCD over the Internet. If you think you have OCD, you may wish to find a therapist. A professional can determine whether your symptoms represent OCD or another condition.

People who have OCD symptoms likely need treatment. A self-diagnosis will not give you access to that. If you think you have OCD, you can contact a family physician or mental health provider for help.

References:

  1. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5. (5th ed.). (2013). Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association.
  2. DSM-IV and DSM-5 criteria for the personality disorders [PDF]. (2012). American Psychiatric Association. Retrieved from http://www.nyu.edu/gsas/dept/philo/courses/materials/Narc.Pers.DSM.pdf
  3. Mental Health Myths and Facts. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.mentalhealth.gov/basics/mental-health-myths-facts
  4. Obsessive-compulsive disorder: Overview. (n.d.) National Institute of Mental Health. Retrieved from https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/obsessive-compulsive-disorder-ocd/index.shtml
  5. Obsessive-compulsive disorder: When unwanted thoughts or irresistible actions take over. (n.d.). National Institute of Mental Health. Retrieved from https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/obsessive-compulsive-disorder-when-unwanted-thoughts-take-over/index.shtml
  6. Ruscio, A. M., Stein, D. J., Chiu, W. T., & Kessler, R. C. (2010). The epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Molecular Psychiatry, 15(1), 53-63. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2797569
  7. Simpson, S. B. (2017, October 17). Obsessive-compulsive disorder in adults: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, course, and diagnosis. Retrieved from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/obsessive-compulsive-disorder-in-adults-epidemiology-pathogenesis-clinical-manifestations-course-and-diagnosis
  8. Treatments for OCD. (n.d.). Anxiety and Depression Association of America. Retrieved from https://adaa.org/understanding-anxiety/obsessive-compulsive-disorder-ocd/treatments-for-ocd
  9. Williams, M.T., Chapman, L.K., Simms, J. V., & Tellawi, G. (2017.) Cross-cultural phenomenology of obsessive-compulsive disorder. In The Wiley Handbook of Obsessive Compulsive Disorders, (pp. 56-74). DOI: 10.1002/9781118890233.ch4

Lincoln memorial at nightDepression has long been surrounded by stereotype and stigma. Yet the condition is more common than many people realize. One in 10 adults in the United States report having depression. It is the most common cause of disability in the United States. It can affect people from all walks of life.

Many public figures have shared their own experiences with depression and therapy. Some celebrities have used their platforms to create a dialogue around mental health. Archival documents have led experts to include historical figures in the conversation.

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Although depression can be challenging, you are not alone in the struggle. Below are the voices and stories of 10 public figures who have been open about their depression:

1. Abraham Lincoln

“If what I feel were equally distributed to the whole human family, there would not be one cheerful face on earth.”

Many accounts from friends and family described Lincoln as having a melancholy demeanor. Lincoln himself wrote often about his persistent despair. Modern clinicians agree the symptoms that show up on documents about Lincoln point to what we know today as clinical depression.

2. Ellen DeGeneres

“I can’t believe I came back from that point. I can’t believe where my life is now.”

Ellen DeGeneres is known today for her daytime talk show Ellen and for being a leading advocate for LGBTQ+ rights. Yet when she came out as a lesbian in 1997, DeGeneres says she faced extreme bullying and depression. Her sitcom was canceled, and she felt scared and alone. Ellen used therapy, antidepressants, meditation, and exercise to move through depression.

3. Dwayne Johnson

“I found that, with depression, one of the most important things you could realize is that you’re not alone.”

In a 2018 interview, actor Dwayne ‘The Rock’ Johnson says he’s battled depression multiple times. His first bout with depression came at 15 after his mother attempted suicide in front of him. Johnson says his most severe episode happened after injuries forced him to give up his football dream. Johnson encourages people with depression to ask for help, even if being vulnerable feels hard.

4. Lady Gaga

“I’ve suffered through depression and anxiety my entire life, I still suffer with it every single day.”

In a 2015 interview, singer Lady Gaga said she has lived with depression and anxiety her entire life. She is a founder of the Born This Way Foundation, which promotes mental health awareness and anti-bullying campaigns. The foundation also funds research on adolescent mental health.

5. Buzz Aldrin

“I moved from drinking to depression to heavier drinking to deeper depression.”

In his memoir, astronaut Buzz Aldrin described his battle with alcohol abuse and depression. After returning from his mission to the moon, Aldrin felt a loss of purpose and structure in his life. He divorced his wife and withdrew from society. Aldrin says he used alcohol to numb his feelings. After getting treatment for alcoholism and depression, Aldrin served as the chairman of the National Association of Mental Health.

6. J.K. Rowling

“We’re talking suicidal thoughts here, we’re not talking ‘I’m a little bit miserable.’ “

The author of the Harry Potter series has been vocal about her past experiences with depression. J.K. Rowling had contemplated suicide during her lowest point. She adds cognitive behavioral therapy helped her move forward. Rowling says she has never been ashamed of depression or of deciding to seek help.

7. Wayne Brady

“If me talking about my personal journey helps someone, it’s all worth it.”

In a 2014 interview, comedian Wayne Brady said people generally assume he and other entertainers are happy all the time. After the death of Robin Williams, Brady felt compelled to come forward with his own story about depression and recovery. Brady acknowledged it can be difficult to ask for help due to cultural stigma.

8. Princess Diana

“Then I was unwell with post-natal depression, which no one ever discusses, post-natal depression, you have to read about it afterwards…”

In a 1995 interview, the Wales princess spoke about her postpartum depression. She recalled days when she didn’t want to get out of bed. She also had periods when she would engage in self-harm. The princess says she experienced lots of stigma from her family for her condition. However, she still got treatment and recovered.

9. Michael Phelps

“I said to myself so many times, ‘Why didn’t I [get help] 10 years ago?’ “

In a 2018 speech, Olympic swimmer Michael Phelps shared his own story of depression. He had an episode of depression “after every Olympics” beginning in 2004. After the 2012 Olympics, he spent days in his room with little food or sleep, thinking about ending his life. After that episode, he decided to get treatment. As Phelps talked about his repressed emotions with a mental health professional, he felt much better than before.

10. Kristen Bell

“Anxiety and depression are impervious to accolades or achievements. Anyone can be affected, despite their level of success or their place on the food chain.”

Actress Kristen Bell first developed depression in college. Although she had a successful life, she began to feel isolated and worthless. She credits her mother for telling her it was possible to get help for her symptoms. During treatment, Bell learned to manage her negative thoughts.

If you or a loved one is experiencing depression, you are not alone. Depression can affect people from all walks of life. A therapist can help you improve your mood and regain your sense of self. There is no shame in getting help.

If you or a loved one is in a crisis, you can call the 988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline at 988. Other crisis resources can be found here.

References:

  1. Bashin, M. & Diana Windsor. (1995). The Panorama Interview. Retrieved from http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/special/politics97/diana/panorama.html
  2. Buzz Aldrin’s journey from moon to alcoholism. (2009, June 22). Today. Retrieved from https://www.today.com/popculture/buzz-aldrins-journey-moon-alcoholism-2D80555988#.U71ZqY1dVvB
  3. Dwayne ‘The Rock’ Johnson: My secret battle with depression. (2018, April 1). Express. Retrieved from https://www.express.co.uk/celebrity-news/939767/Dwayne-the-rock-Johnson-secret-battle-with-depression
  4. Dwayne ‘The Rock’ Johnson shares inspiring message for people with depression. (2015, November 17). Today. Retrieved from https://www.today.com/health/dwayne-rock-johnson-shares-inspiring-message-people-depression-t56586
  5. Ellen DeGeneres: I endured ‘bullying’ and ‘severe depression’ after coming out. (2017). Us Magazine. Retrieved from https://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-news/news/ellen-degeneres-opens-up-about-bullying-depression-after-coming-out-w497078
  6. J.K. Rowling contemplated suicide. (2008, March 23). Telegraph. Retrieved from http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1582552/JK-Rowling-contemplated-suicide.html
  7. Kristen Bell: I’m over staying silent about depression. (2016, May 31). Motto. Retrieved from http://time.com/4352130/kristen-bell-frozen-depression-anxiety
  8. Lady Gaga suffers with depression ‘every single day.’ (2015, October 15). NYLON. Retrieved from https://nylon.com/articles/lady-gaga-depression-anxiety-struggles
  9. Lincoln’s great depression. (2005). The Atlantic. Retrieved from https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2005/10/lincolns-great-depression/304247
  10. Michael Phelps: ‘I am extremely thankful that I did not take my life.’ (2018, January 20). CNN. Retrieved from https://www.cnn.com/2018/01/19/health/michael-phelps-depression/index.html
  11. Moon man. (2009, June 8). New Jersey Monthly. Retrieved from https://njmonthly.com/articles/jersey-living/moon-man
  12. Research + Resources (n.d.) Retrieved from https://bornthisway.foundation/research-survey
  13. Wayne Brady reveals battle with depression. (2014, November 4). CNN. Retrieved from http://www.cnn.com/2014/11/04/showbiz/celebrity-news-gossip/wayne-brady-depression/index.html

A 12-year-old child sitting in a wheel chair watching other kids getting together in the park while he is left behind.Bullying based on stigma or discrimination can be especially harmful. Bullies may target a child for their weight, religion, disability, or other traits.  A Developmental Review study says anti-bullying programs are unevenly distributed among sociological categories. The authors say more research on interventions might reduce bullying among specific groups.

Preventing Stigma-Based Bullying

The study screened 8,240 articles published between 2000 and 2015. It included 22 studies addressing 21 different interventions for discriminatory bullying. The study found the number of stigma-based bullying interventions has increased with time. Between 2000 and 2007, only six such programs appeared in peer-reviewed journals. Between 2008 and 2015, researchers published 16 interventions.

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This data suggests investigators are taking the problem more seriously. However, the study found an uneven distribution of programs. Over the last 15 years, programs addressing LGBTQ+ issues have grown more common. Yet the study’s authors located only two programs that directly addressed racism.

Bystander intervention and other generalized anti-bullying approaches have proven successful. Yet programs that target stereotypes might be necessary to fight discriminatory bullying. According to the study authors, they may also help prevent gun violence at schools. Many school shooters have a history of gender-based harassment and/or racial prejudice. Addressing discrimination early on may prevent behaviors from escalating.

Bullying and Mental Health

While some adults treat bullying as a rite of passage, research points to the long-lasting damage the experience can cause. A 2015 study found bullied children were more likely to experience anxiety and depression than survivors of childhood abuse. Research published in 2014 suggests the effects of bullying may extend into adulthood.

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), kids who bully are more likely to have:

Bullying prevalence estimates vary. The 2015 Youth Behavior Risk Survey found 20% of high schoolers were bullied at school during the previous year. In the same survey, 16% of students said they had been cyberbullied.

References:

  1. Bullying based on stigma has especially damaging effects. (2018, March 8). ScienceDaily. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/03/180308105144.htm
  2. Earnshaw, V. A., Reisner, S. L., Menino, D. D., Poteat, V. P., Bogart, L. M., Barnes, T. N., & Schuster, M. A. (2018). Stigma-based bullying interventions: A systematic review. Developmental Review. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0273229717300138?via%3Dihub
  3. Prevent bullying. (2017, October 10). Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/features/prevent-bullying/index.html
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